44 3.
Tests The quantitative data were obtained through tests. Tests were used to
know the students’ improvement in learning English especially writing. The researcher gave a pre-test and a post-test to the students. The tests given were to
know the students ’ writing ability before and after the actions implemented. The
scores gotten from the tests then be analysed by her. The assessment was based on the writing rubric that consisted of content, organization, grammar, vocabulary,
and mechanics.
F. Data Analysis Techniques
The data collected were in the form of qualitative and qualitative data. To analyze the qualitative data, the researcher referred to the steps suggested by
Burns 2010: 104-105. In the first step, assembling the data, the researcher collected all the data, reviewed the initial and looked for board patterns, ideas that
seemed to answer the question. The next step was coding the data where the researcher coded the data into more specific patterns and identified which data
could be coded qualitatively and quantitatively. The third step was comparing the data in which the researcher compared the data to see whether they said the same
thing or whether there were contradictions. The fourth step was building meanings and interpretations. To sense the data, the researcher analysed the data several
times to pose questions, rethink the connections, and develop explanation of the situation. The last step was reporting the outcome. The researcher described the
45 context of the research, outlined the findings and provided data samples to support
them, interpreted how the findings related to the context and suggested how the project could lead to other areas for research.
The quantitative data were collected from the score of the pre-test and post-test. The researcher analyzed using Excel program to know the comparison
of the students’ mean scores before and after the actions conducted.
G. Research Validity and Reliability
The data gained in the research have to be valid and reliable. According to Anderson et al. 1994 in Burns 1999 there are five validity criteria that
should be fulfilled to get the valid data in action research. They are democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic
validity. 1.
Democratic validity Democratic validity was gained by having discussion with the
collaborators. The discussions were done during the research. The collaborators were given chances to give their ideas, opinions, comments, and suggestions
toward the research. Some discussions were also held at the end of every cycle to evaluate the actions implemented and to plan the actions in the next cycle.
2. Outcome validity
Outcome validity was related to the notion of actions leading to outcomes that were successful within the research context. To fulfill this validity, the
