Teaching Writing in Junior High School

28 considered as a text in that it exists as a unified whole with beginning, middle, and end, it confirms to norms of organization and content, and it draws on appropriate grammar and vocabulary. Feez and Joyce 1998 in Richard 2006:36 states TBI involves some activities: 1 Teaching explicitly about structures and grammatical features of spoken and written texts 2 Linking spoken and written texts to cultural context of their use 3 Designing units of works which focus on developing skills in relation to whole texts 4 Providing students with guided practice as they develop language skills for meaningful communication through whole texts. Furthermore, they proposes some phases of Text-Base Approach. They are: 1 Building the Context In this stage, students are introduced to the social context of an authentic model of the text type being studied. They also explore features of the general cultural context in which the text type is used and the social purpose of the text. They also explore the context of the situation by investigating the register of a model text. 2 Modeling and Deconstructing the Text In this stage, students investigate the structural pattern and language feature of the model and compare the model with other examples of the same text type. 29 3 Joint Construction of the Text Students begin to the construction of whole examples of the text type and the teacher reduces the guidance to the text construction. Some activities that can be used by the teacher are skeleton texts, jigsaw, and a dicto-gloss. 4 Independent Construction of the Text In this stage, students work independently and their work are used for achievement assessment. 5 Linking to Related Texts Students investigate howwhat they have learned in this teaching learning cycle can be related to other text in the same or similar context and future or past cycles of teaching and learning. As summary, Text-Based Instruction can be one of approaches that can be used by teachers. It involves many types of texts and there are also some phases in implementing the approch.

h. Media in Teaching and Learning

Media is one of the great factors in the teaching and learning process. It has been recognized that media can help the students to understand the material better and help the teacher to teach more effectively. Media used to deliver message in the teaching and learning process and building the bridge between the gap of the teacher’s explanation and the students’ comprehension. 30 Mohan et al. 2001 in Naz et al.2008 state that if the media are properly designed, skillfully produced and effectively used have great influence on teaching learning because they produce impact of: 1 saving time, 2 increasing interest, 3 holding attention, 4 clarifying ideas, 5 reinforcing concepts, 6 adding tone, 7 proving a point, 8 aiding memory. Based on the theory above, the use of media has good impacts in the teaching and learning process if the media are designed properly. Media can be in various forms. They can be in the form of videos, audios, pictures, and diagrams. Smaldino et al. 2005:9 mention six media used in learning and instruction. They are: a. Text. It is alphanumeric characters that can be displayed in various types of formats, such as book, poster, chalk board, and computer screen. b. Audio. It refers to anything that we can hear. It can be in the form of a person’s voice, music, mechanical sounds, and noise. It can be live or recorded.