c. Comparing the data
After completing coding the data, the categories were compared to see whether they say the same thing or not. The data could be displayed in
the form of tables, charts, or sets of quote. d.
Building meanings and interpretations
The next step was making interpretations of the data to get the meanings of the research. The researcher was not only considering the
step by step descriptions but also looking for more big picture concepts and develop explanations about what the research means at the
broadest level.
e. Reporting the outcomes
The last step of the analysis was considering how the result of the research would be organized in the presentation. The research could be
considered as a whole story from the beginning to the end of the research and not just the analysis and findings.
D. Validity and Reliability
Validity is important in determining the research’s quality and acceptability. According to Burns 1999:161, there are five types of validity
which can be used to ensure the data validity of action research. The five validity criteria are democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic
validity, and dialogic validity Burns 1999:161.
1. Democratic validity
The research can be said as valid if the research includes the participants to give their opinions, ideas and comments about the implication of
the research. It can be fulfilled by having interviews and observations with the collaborators as well as the participants. The discussion will be done during the
research. The democratic validity in this research was gained from the interviews with the collaborators and the students of IV B.
2. Outcome Validity
Outcome validity is related to the results of the actions research. The research could have outcome validity when it was successful. If there were
significant improvements during the actions implemented from the beginning to the end which matched the intended purposes of the research, it can be said
that the research is successful. The outcome validity in this research deals with the improvements of the vocabulary mastery of the students by using Wall
Charts.
3. Process validity
The process validity is related to process of conducting the research. The actions done in the research should be believable. To gain the process
validity, the researcher will collect the data by doing classroom observations, students and teacher interviews, and field notes. In addition, there were some
evidences to support the data such as photographs and notes.
Kategori