Leaf Anatomy Relationships Species of Popowia Endl.

of most of the Malesian species has glabrous inside surface, except in P. platyphylla which is pilose.

4.2.3. Stamen

Commonly cuneate with broad, flat-topped or slightly concave connectives, number of stamen 10 - 18 in two rows.

4.2.4. Ovary

Ovaries 3 - 12, ovoid to oblong; style very short; stigma sub- capitate or wedge-shape, grooved on the top and down the inner side.

4.2.5. Ripe Carpels

Globose or ovoid, sub-sessile or stalked. Seeds 1 – 4, rugose and with a circumferential ridge.

4.3. Leaf Anatomy

Cells of the lower epidermis have papillae interconnected by cuticular ridges in Popowia. Mesophyll in Popowia includes one row of palisade cells towards the upper surface, with spongy tissue below them Fig. 5. Solitary or cluster crystals can be found in species of Popowia Fig. 6. Stomata is rubiaceous paracytic; confined to the lower surface Fig. 7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 5. Portion of a cross-section of the leaf of Popowia Endl. 1. Popowia velutina King 2. P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum 3. P. bancana Scheffer 4. P. nooteboomii Moeljono 5. P. hirta Miquel 6. P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. Epidermis Epidermis Epidermis Spongy Spongy Spongy Palisade Palisade Palisade Epidermis Epidermis Epidermis 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig 5. continued 7. Popowia pisocarpa Blume Endl 8. P. perakensis King 9. P. kostermansii Moeljono 10. P. cuspidata Miquel 11. P. odoardi Diels 12. P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., A. Epidermis B. Palisade C. Spongy A A A B B B C C C A A A A B C D Fig.6. Epidermal cells and crystals on the lower leaf surface A . Popowia tomentosa B . P. novoguinensis . C . P bancana D . P. tomentosa var. crinita Crystal s A B C D E F G Fig. 7. Epidermal cells and stomata on the lower leaf surface A . Popowia tomentosa B . P. novoguinensis C . P hirta. D. P clavata . E . P bancana F . P. tomentosa var. crinita G . P. velutina 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1. Epidermal cells 2. Paracytic stomata

4.4. Relationships Species of Popowia Endl.

A cladistic analysis of Popowia Endl. was undertaken based on 34 morphological characters Table 1. Mitrephora maingayi Hook. f was chosen as an outgroup because it has the closest relationship to Popowia Endl. Mitrephora Hook. f and Popowia Endl.have extra axillary flower Sinclair, 1955. Table 1. Characters and Character States Used in the Phylogenetic Analysis of the Malesian Taxa of Popowia Endl. Characters Characters state 1 : Habit 0 = shrub 1 = tree 2 : Petioles length 0 = 4 mm 1 = 4 mm 3 : Petioles surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent or tomentose 4 : Leaves length 0 = 10 cm 1 = 10 cm 5 : Leaves wide 0 = 4 cm 1 = 4 cm 6 : Leaves shape 0 = lanceolate 1 = ellipt or ovate 7 : Leaves texture 0 = membranaceous 1 = chartaceous or coriaceous 8 : Apex of leaves 0 = acute 1 = acuminate 9 : Base of leaves 0 = oblique 1 = unequal 10 : Leaves base shape 0 = acute or cuneate 1 = rounded 2 = cordate or sub cordate 11 : Upper leaves surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 12 : Lower leaves surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 13 : Midrib surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 14 : Number of nerves 0 = 10 pairs 1 = 10 pairs 15 : Reticulation 0 = not visible 1 = visible 16 : Secunder nerves 0 = faint 1 = prominent Table 1. continued Characters Characters state 17 : Pedicel length 1 = 10 mm 0 = 10 mm 18 : Pedicel surface 0 = strigose or hairy 1 = pubescent or tomentose 19 : Sepal shape 0 = triangular 1 = ovate 2 = cordate or sub cordate 20 : Sepal length 0 = 4 mm 1 = 4 mm 21 : Sepal apex 0 = acute or sub acute 1 = obtuse 22 : Outer surface of sepal 0 = hairy 1 = pubescent or tomentose 23 : Petal shape 0 = orbicular or sub orbicular 1 = ovate or elliptic 24 : Outer surface of petal 0 = pubescent or tomentose 1 = villous 25 : Inner surface of petal 0 = pubescent or tomentose 1 = villous 26 : Outer petal length 0 = 4 mm 1 = 4 mm 27 : Inner petal length 0 = 5 mm 1 = 5 mm 28 : Number of ovary 0 = 8 1 = 8 29 : Ovary surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent – tomentose 30 : Ripe carpel length 0 = 15 mm 1 = 15 mm 31 : Ripe carpel shape 0 = globose 1 = ovoid 32 : Ripe carpel surface 0 = glabrous 1 = pubescent tomentose 33 : Stalk length 0 = 10 mm 1 = 10 mm 34 : Number of seed 0 = 1 1 = 1 Data matrix of the characters which has been used for the analysis shown in table 2.; when a characters state can not be defined it was noted as “ ? “. The analysis was performed using the PAUP version 4. ob 10 computer program to find the most parsimonious tree. The resulting cladogram is three trees parsimony with 53 tree length, with consistency index CI 0.6415 and retention index 0.5682; tree number one was choosen Fig. 5. The characters, steps, consistency index and resistency index for the morphological characters shown in Appendix 2. Table 2. Data Matrix of Morphological Characters of Popowia Endl. used for Phylogenetic Analysis. Characters Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 M. maingayi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Popowia pisocarpa 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 P. pauciflora 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 P. fusca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 P. velutina 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 P. perakensis 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 P. tomentosa 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 P. odoardi 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 2. continued Characters Species 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 M. maingayi 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Popowia pisocarpa 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 P. pauciflora 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 0 0 ? 1 P. fusca 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 P. velutina 1 1 0 1 ? 1 1 0 ? 0 2 P. perakensis 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 P. tomentosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 P. odoardi 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Table 2. continued Characters Species 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 M. maingayi 0 1 0 0 1 ? 2 1 ? 1 1 ? Popowia pisocarpa 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 P. pauciflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 0 ? 0 P. fusca 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 ? P. velutina 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? 0 1 1 0 ? P. perakensis 0 1 1 ? ? 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 P. tomentosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 P. odoardi 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 10 10 10 10 8 14 27 30 01 10 10 10 28 33 01 10 8 10 10 10 21 20 21 10 2 10 11 20 23 26 01 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 18 29 31 32 10 10 10 10 2 4 5 31 1 12 13 14 17 7 17 25 01 10 01 01 01 11 17 21 23 30 01 10 10 10 01 4 19 02 10 10 23 24 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 21 20 21 10 10 10 10 10 15 34 9 18 22 23 29 32 Mitrephora maingayi Popowia pisocarpa P. pauciflora P. odoardi P. fusca P. velutina P. perakensis P. tomentosa P. tomentosa var. crinita Fig. 8. Cladogram of Popowia Endl. in Malesia Within the cladogram three groups of branching are shown. The first branch is Mitrephora maingayi outgroup separated from Popowia Endl. By a plesiomorph character of the outgroup leaves texture is coriaceous, pedicel length is 2 cm and inner surface of petal is pubescent. The second branch is separated by apex of leaves character 8, Number of nerves character 14, inner petal length character 27 and ripe carpel length character 30. The other Popowia is separated by petioles length character 2, leaves base shape character 10, upper leaves surface character 11, sepal length character 20, petal shape character 23 and outer petal length character 26. The last group finished in three sister group, they are P. pisocarpa and P. pauciflora, they are joined by leaves base shape character 10, reticulation character 15 and number of seed character 34; P. fusca and P. velutina, are joined by apex of leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10; the sister group is closely relate with P. tomentosa and P. tomentosa var. crinita is separated by apex of leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10.

4.5 . Distribution and Ecology of Popowia