of most of the Malesian species has glabrous inside surface, except in P. platyphylla which is pilose.
4.2.3. Stamen
Commonly cuneate with broad, flat-topped or slightly concave connectives, number of stamen 10 - 18 in two rows.
4.2.4. Ovary
Ovaries 3 - 12, ovoid to oblong; style very short; stigma sub- capitate or wedge-shape, grooved on the top and down the inner side.
4.2.5. Ripe Carpels
Globose or ovoid, sub-sessile or stalked. Seeds 1 – 4, rugose and with a circumferential ridge.
4.3. Leaf Anatomy
Cells of the lower epidermis have papillae interconnected by cuticular ridges in Popowia. Mesophyll in Popowia includes one row of palisade
cells towards the upper surface, with spongy tissue below them Fig. 5. Solitary or cluster crystals can be found in species of Popowia Fig. 6.
Stomata is rubiaceous paracytic; confined to the lower surface Fig. 7.
1 2
3 4
5 6
Fig. 5. Portion of a cross-section of the leaf of Popowia Endl. 1. Popowia velutina King 2. P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum
3. P. bancana Scheffer 4. P. nooteboomii Moeljono 5. P. hirta Miquel 6. P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair.
Epidermis
Epidermis Epidermis
Spongy Spongy
Spongy
Palisade Palisade
Palisade
Epidermis
Epidermis Epidermis
7 8
9 10
11 12
Fig 5. continued 7. Popowia pisocarpa Blume Endl 8. P. perakensis King
9. P. kostermansii Moeljono 10. P. cuspidata Miquel 11. P. odoardi Diels 12. P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f.,
A. Epidermis B. Palisade C. Spongy A
A
A B
B
B C
C
C A
A A
A B
C D
Fig.6. Epidermal cells and crystals on the lower leaf surface A
. Popowia tomentosa B
. P. novoguinensis .
C . P bancana
D . P. tomentosa var. crinita
Crystal s
A B
C D
E F
G
Fig. 7. Epidermal cells and stomata on the lower leaf surface A
. Popowia tomentosa B
. P. novoguinensis C
. P hirta. D. P clavata . E
. P bancana F
. P. tomentosa var. crinita G
. P. velutina 1
1
1
1 2
2
2
2
1. Epidermal cells 2. Paracytic stomata
4.4. Relationships Species of Popowia Endl.
A cladistic analysis of Popowia Endl. was undertaken based on 34 morphological characters Table 1. Mitrephora maingayi Hook. f
was chosen as an outgroup because it has the closest relationship to Popowia Endl. Mitrephora Hook. f and Popowia Endl.have extra
axillary flower Sinclair, 1955. Table 1. Characters and Character States Used in the Phylogenetic
Analysis of the Malesian Taxa of Popowia Endl.
Characters Characters state
1 : Habit 0 = shrub
1 = tree
2 : Petioles length 0 = 4 mm
1 = 4 mm
3 : Petioles surface 0 = glabrous
1 = pubescent or tomentose
4 : Leaves length 0 = 10 cm
1 = 10 cm
5 : Leaves wide 0 = 4 cm
1 = 4 cm
6 : Leaves shape 0 = lanceolate
1 = ellipt or ovate
7 : Leaves texture 0 = membranaceous
1 = chartaceous or coriaceous
8 : Apex of leaves 0 = acute
1 = acuminate
9 : Base of leaves 0 = oblique
1 = unequal
10 : Leaves base shape
0 = acute or cuneate 1 = rounded
2 = cordate or sub cordate
11 : Upper leaves surface 0 = glabrous
1 = pubescent tomentose
12 : Lower leaves surface 0 = glabrous
1 = pubescent tomentose
13 : Midrib surface 0 = glabrous
1 = pubescent tomentose
14 : Number of nerves 0 = 10 pairs
1 = 10 pairs
15 : Reticulation 0 = not visible
1 = visible
16 : Secunder nerves 0 = faint
1 = prominent
Table 1. continued
Characters Characters state
17 : Pedicel length 1 = 10 mm
0 =
10 mm
18 : Pedicel surface 0 = strigose or hairy
1 = pubescent or tomentose
19 : Sepal shape 0 = triangular
1 = ovate 2 = cordate or sub cordate
20 : Sepal length 0 = 4 mm
1 = 4 mm
21 : Sepal apex 0 = acute or sub acute
1 = obtuse
22 : Outer surface of sepal 0 = hairy
1 = pubescent or tomentose
23 : Petal shape 0 = orbicular or sub orbicular
1 = ovate or elliptic
24 : Outer surface of petal 0 = pubescent or tomentose
1 = villous
25 : Inner surface of petal 0 = pubescent or tomentose
1 = villous
26 : Outer petal length 0 = 4 mm
1 = 4 mm
27 : Inner petal length 0 = 5 mm
1 = 5 mm
28 : Number of ovary 0 = 8
1 = 8
29 : Ovary surface 0 = glabrous
1 = pubescent – tomentose
30 : Ripe carpel length 0 = 15 mm
1 = 15 mm
31 : Ripe carpel shape 0 = globose
1 = ovoid
32 : Ripe carpel surface 0 = glabrous
1 = pubescent tomentose
33 : Stalk length 0 = 10 mm
1 = 10 mm
34 : Number of seed
0 = 1 1 = 1
Data matrix of the characters which has been used for the analysis shown in table 2.; when a characters state can not be defined it was noted as
“ ? “. The analysis was performed using the PAUP version 4. ob 10
computer program to find the most parsimonious tree. The resulting cladogram is three trees parsimony with 53 tree length, with consistency
index CI 0.6415 and retention index 0.5682; tree number one was choosen
Fig. 5. The characters, steps, consistency index and resistency index for the morphological characters shown in Appendix 2.
Table 2. Data Matrix of Morphological Characters of Popowia Endl. used for Phylogenetic Analysis.
Characters
Species
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11
M. maingayi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
Popowia pisocarpa 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
P. pauciflora 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
P. fusca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
P. velutina 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
P. perakensis 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
P. tomentosa 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 1
P. odoardi 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Table 2. continued Characters
Species
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
M. maingayi 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
Popowia pisocarpa 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2
P. pauciflora 1 1 0 0 ? 1 0 0 0 ? 1
P. fusca 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2
P. velutina 1 1 0 1 ? 1 1 0 ? 0 2
P. perakensis 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2
P. tomentosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2
P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2
P. odoardi 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2
Table 2. continued Characters
Species
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
M. maingayi 0 1 0 0 1 ? 2 1 ? 1 1 ?
Popowia pisocarpa 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
P. pauciflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ? 0 0 ? 0
P. fusca 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 ?
P. velutina 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? 0 1 1 0 ?
P. perakensis 0 1 1 ? ? 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
P. tomentosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1
P. tomentosa var. crinita 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1
P. odoardi 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1
10 10 10 10 8 14 27 30
01 10 10 10 28 33
01 10 8 10
10 10 21 20 21 10 2 10 11 20 23 26
01 12 8 10
10 10 10 10 10 1 18 29 31 32
10 10 10 10 2 4 5 31
1 12 13 14 17 7 17 25
01 10 01 01 01 11 17 21 23 30
01 10 10 10 01
4 19
02 10 10 23 24 25
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 21 20 21 10
10 10 10 10 15 34
9 18 22 23 29 32
Mitrephora maingayi Popowia pisocarpa
P. pauciflora
P. odoardi
P. fusca P. velutina
P. perakensis P. tomentosa
P. tomentosa var. crinita Fig. 8. Cladogram of Popowia Endl. in Malesia
Within the cladogram three groups of branching are shown. The first branch is Mitrephora maingayi outgroup separated from
Popowia Endl. By a plesiomorph character of the outgroup leaves texture is coriaceous, pedicel length is 2 cm and inner surface of
petal is pubescent. The second branch is separated by apex of leaves character 8, Number of nerves character 14, inner petal
length character 27 and ripe carpel length character 30. The other Popowia is separated by petioles length character 2, leaves base
shape character 10, upper leaves surface character 11, sepal length character 20, petal shape character 23 and outer petal
length character 26. The last group finished in three sister group, they are P. pisocarpa and P. pauciflora, they are joined by leaves
base shape character 10, reticulation character 15 and number of seed character 34; P. fusca and P. velutina, are joined by apex of
leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10; the sister group is closely relate with P. tomentosa and P. tomentosa var.
crinita is separated by apex of leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10.
4.5 . Distribution and Ecology of Popowia