Within the cladogram three groups of branching are shown. The first branch is Mitrephora maingayi outgroup separated from
Popowia Endl. By a plesiomorph character of the outgroup leaves texture is coriaceous, pedicel length is 2 cm and inner surface of
petal is pubescent. The second branch is separated by apex of leaves character 8, Number of nerves character 14, inner petal
length character 27 and ripe carpel length character 30. The other Popowia is separated by petioles length character 2, leaves base
shape character 10, upper leaves surface character 11, sepal length character 20, petal shape character 23 and outer petal
length character 26. The last group finished in three sister group, they are P. pisocarpa and P. pauciflora, they are joined by leaves
base shape character 10, reticulation character 15 and number of seed character 34; P. fusca and P. velutina, are joined by apex of
leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10; the sister group is closely relate with P. tomentosa and P. tomentosa var.
crinita is separated by apex of leaves character 8, and leaves base shape character 10.
4.5 . Distribution and Ecology of Popowia
The Annonaceae is a pantropical family with about 130 genera and 2.300 species. It is confined mostly to humid tropical lowland forests. They
are abundant common in Asia, Africa, Central and South America and few in Australia. The genus Popowia formerly recorded from Asia and Africa,
about 90 species and majority from Tropical Africa. The remainder, Madagascar, S.India, Burma, Siam, Malaya, Indo-China, Malay island to
Australia. The species are found mostly in humid areas of secondary forest, only
a few species occur in swampy forest and rarely in primary forest. They grow commonly hanging on canopy of trees at the river side, in forest
borders, road sides, waste land, and the genus has a wide altitudinal range, from sea level up to the montain area at 0–600 meters altitude.
In the Malesian region, only a few species have a wide distribution, namely Popowia pisocarpa Blume Endl. Most species have rather limited
range of distribution such as P. fusca King Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P. hirta Miquel Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P.
tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo,
P. velutina King Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra, P. bancana Scheffer Sumatra, and Borneo; P. schefferiana Diels Moluccas and Papuasia.
Some species are only known from a single locality of the type collection P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f. and P. perakensis King from Malay
Peninsula; P. odoardi Diels from Borneo; P. cuspidata Miquel and P. cordata Moeljono from Java; P. lanceolata Merrill from Philippines, P.
beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. pachypetala Diels, P.
polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono from Papuasia. Table 3.
In the present study, seven species and one varieties are recorded in Malay Peninsula Popowia pisocarpa Blume Endl.,
P. pauciflora Maingay ex Hook.f., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. velutina King, P.
perakensis King, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. In Sumatra, six species and one varieties were recorded
P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. velutina King, P. bancana Scheffer, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P.
tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. In Java, three species were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. cuspidata Miquel, and P. cordata Moeljono.
In Borneo, six species and one varieties were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. odoardi Diels, P. fusca King, P. hirta Miquel, P. bancana
Scheffer, P. tomentosa Maingay ex Hook.f., and P. tomentosa var. crinita J. Sinclair. In Philippines, two species were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume
Endl., and P. lanceolata Merrill. In Celebes, one species were recorded P.
pisocarpa Blume Endl.. In Moluccas, two species were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl.,and P. schefferiana Diels. In Papuasia, thirteen
species were recorded P. pisocarpa Blume Endl., P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis
Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. schefferiana Diels, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia Scheffer, P.
nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono Fig. 9. Papuasia is the richest in species number of Popowia in the Malesian region, with 13
species recorded. This area has the highest number of endemic species, with eleven species P. beccarii Scheffer, P. clavata Diels, P. cyanocarpa
Lauterb. and K. Schum., P. novoguineensis Miquel, P. papuana Scheffer, P. pachypetala Diels, P. polytrica Diels, P. platyphylla Diels, P. parvifolia
Scheffer, P. nooteboomii Moeljono, and P. hentyii Moeljono recognized being endemic Fig. 9. In contrast, Philippines, Celebes, and Moluccas are
the poorest in species number recorded from these areas, but no single species in Lesser Sunda Island. The distribution area of
Popowia in Malesia can be grouped into three subregions: Western Malesia, Central
Malesia and Eastern Malesia. a. Western Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. There
are 12 species occuring in this subregion, two species are considered to be endemic in Malay Peninsula, two species in Java and one species in
Borneo. b. Central Malesia: Philippine, Celebes, Moluccas and the Lesser Sunda
Islands. In this area occur 3 species, one of which endemic in the Philippine.
c. East Malesia: New Guinea. There are 13 species, eleven of which are considered to be endemic in this area.
Based on the high number of species diversity and the number of species endemism in the islands, there are two subcenters of diversity that
can be recognized: Malay Peninsula 7 species and 1 varieties, 2 endemics as the subcenter in West Malesia, and New Guinea 13 species, 11
endemics as the other subcenter in East Malesia.
Tabel 3. Distribution of Popowia Endl. in Malesia
Species
M S J B P C L N G
01. P. pisocarpa 1
02. P. fusca 03. P. hirta
04. P. tomentosa 05. P. tomentosa
var. crinita 2
2 2
2
06. P. velutina 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 07. P. pauciflora
08. P. perakensis 4
4 09. P. bancana
10. P. odoardi 5
5 11. P. cuspidata
12. P. cordata 6
6 13. P. lanceolata
0 0 0 7
14. P. beccarii 15. P. clavata
16. P. cyanocarpa 17. P. novoguineensis
18. P. pachypetala 19. P. papuana
20. P. parvifolia 21. P. platyphylla
22. P. polytricha 23. P. hentyii
24. P. nooteboomii 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
25. P. schefferiana 9
Endemic 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 11
Non endemic 6 7 1 6 1 1 2 2
Note : M = Malay Peninsula; S = Sumatra and Bangka; J = Java; B = Borneo; P = Philippine; C = Celebes; L = Moluccas; N = New
Guinea; G = Distribution group; = Present; 0 = Not present; = Endemic.
Fig. 9. Density map of Popowia Endl. In Malesia, segregated in to endemics above the hyphen and non endemics below the hyphen.
4.6. Taxonomy
