author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that per
son says” p.164. The readers know the characteristic of the character through the way the character having conversation to others and
whenever the character speaks. The fourth way is past life. “By letting the reader learn something about a
person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character” p. 166. The fifth way is conversation of others. “The
author can also give us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other people and the thi
ng they say about him” p. 167. The sixth way is reactions. “The author can also give us a clue to a person‟s character by letting us
know how that person reacts to various situations and events” p. 168.
The seventh way is direct comment. “The author can describe or comment on a person
‟s character directly” p. 170. The eighth way is thoughts. “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a per
son is thinking about” p. 171. The last way is mannerism. “The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits, or
idiosyncrasies which may also tell us somethi ng about his character” p. 173.
3. Theories of Personality a. Definition of Personality
The word personality comes from the Latin word persona, which refers to a mask used by actors in Greek dramas. It is easy how persona came to refer to
outward appearance, the public face we display to the people around us. Based on its derivation, then, we might conclude that personality refers to our external and
visible characteristics, those aspects of us that other people can see. According to
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Walter Mischel 1981 , “personality usually refers to the distinctive patterns
including thoughts as well as “affects,” that is, feelings and emotions and actions that characterize each individual enduringly” p.4.
In 2009, Jess F. and Gregory J. F. revealed some theories of personalities based on several researchers and their theories as follows:
1 Psychodynamic Theory a
Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmud Freud has named his theory of personality as psychoanalytic theory. The purpose of this theory is to analyze human nature. Psychoanalytic
theory is divided into five. The first is level of mental life. Freud has divided mental life into three levels, unconscious, preconscious and conscious.
Unconscious “contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most our words, feelings, and actions”
as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p. 24. It deals with the unknown mental processes in the mind whereas we are conscious of our behavior. Freud also
concludes that dream is the source of unconscious material. Preconscious “contains all those elements that are not conscious but can
become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty” p. 25. This level
comes from both conscious perception and unconscious perception. Consciousness deals with mental elements, in which, we are aware of it at
the point time. Consciousness can be reached from two different directions. First is from perceptual conscious system,
Freud describe “perceptual conscious system is turned toward the outer world and acts as a medium for the perception of
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external stimuli” as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p. 26. I conclude that everything that we feel by our sense organs included into consciousness.
The second is Provinces of the mind. It is divided into three. They are the Id, the ego, and the superego. The id deals with unconscious psychical region and
has no contact with reality. The purpose of Id is “to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just” p. 28. The ego deals with reality because it becomes
“the decision-making or executive branch of personality” p. 29. It also becomes partly of three levels of mental life. According to Freud, “ego continues to
develop strategies for handling the id‟s unrealistic and unrelenting demands for pleasure” as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p. 29. The superego reveals “the
moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the id and the realistic
principle of the ego” p. 30. Superego has two subsystems. They are conscience
that teaches us what we should not do and ego-ideal that teaches us what we should do.
The third is dynamics of personality. It is divided into drives including sex and aggression and Anxiety. Drives deals with the stimulus reaction within a
person which is aimed to seek pleasure. Drives related sex means stimulus reaction to seek pleasure but not only in genital satisfaction. Sex can take many
forms such as narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism. Meanwhile, aggression drive connects to self-
destruction. According to Freud, “the aim of destructive drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state which d
eals with death” as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p. 33. Aggression can take many forms such as
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teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and enjoyment of others people‟s suffering.
Anxiety deals with unpleasant situation. There are three kinds of anxiety. First is neurotic anxiety that occurs because of unknown danger. Second is moral
anxiety occurs from the conflict between the ego and the superego. Third is realistic anxiety that occurs because of fear.
The fourth is Defense Mechanisms. It is divided into six. They are repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection,
introjection, and sublimation. The writer only uses reaction formation, fixation, and projection which influence Olive‟s personality.
Repression is the self-defend by repressing drives and expressing in displace and disguise forms to deceive the ego. Reaction Formation is a defense
mechanism “in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its or
iginal form” p. 35. It means that we hide the true anxiety by showing fake feeling to defend ourselves.
Displacement is to displace our feeling such as anger, anxiety into other objects or persons. In displacement “people can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a
variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is di sguised or concealed”
p. 36. Fixation is a defense that is influenced by the process of psychologically
growing up which full of stressful and anxious moment for example “when the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may
resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological
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stage” p. 36. Regression occurs when “libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during time of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier s
tage” p. 36. It means that although we have grown up and become adult, we can act as a child
like we do previously to defend ourselves. Projection can be defined “as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or
tendencies that actually reside in one‟s own unconscious” p. 37. It means that we
usually blame unacceptable feeling to other people whereas this unacceptable feeling comes from our unconsciousness. The extreme type of projection is
paranoia . Interjection is “a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate
positive qualities of another person into their own ego” p. 37. This defense
mechanism shows the way people defend their self by imitating or adopting other people‟s act, style, etc. Sublimation is “the repression of the genital aim of Eros
by substituting a cultural or social aim” p. 38. The sublimation aim is shown in
creative cultural accomplishment such as art, music, literature, human relationship, and other social activities.
The fifth is stages of development. It is divided into four periods. The first is infantile Period. This period posses a sexual life in human through pregenital
sexual development and occurs when they are 4 or 5 years after birth. There are three phases in infantile stage such as oral phase, anal phase, and phallic phase.
The second is latency period. This period portray that children‟s sexual activity has been bordered by the parents. The third is genital period that is shown the
development of human genital organs. The fourth is maturity. This period draws that people who have both physical and psychological maturity reach the
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balancing “among the structures of the mind, with their ego controlling their id and superego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desire
and demands” p. 46.
b Adler’s Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler is one of the researchers who contribute his theories of personality. Adler revealed that i
ndividual psychology presents “an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest, that is, a
feeling of oneness with all humankind ” as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p 65.
There are seven level of individual psychology. The first theory is striving for success or superiority. This theory is divided into four namely the final goal, the
striving force as compensation, striving for personal superiority, and striving for success. The writer uses two theories, namely final goal and striving for personal
supe riority since those theories has big influence toward Olive‟s personality.
According to Adler, the final goal has great significance because it unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible. Adler agrees that people
struggle to get their own final goal in their life. He also conveys that final goal is fictional and has no objective. That is why the final goal is called as a product of
creative power, that is, “people ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own perso
nality” p. 70. The striving force as compensation means the struggle of human to look
for success by compensating the weakness and feelings of inferiority. Striving for personal superiority means the human struggle to get their personal superiority
without concerning others. These strivings are motivated by their feelings of
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personal inferiority and are motivated by the overcompensation for covering their personal inferiority. Striving for success deals with the success of people is
psychologically healthy because they look for and struggle for the success for human being not only for individual superiority.
The second is subjective perceptions which are divided into two namely fictionalism and physical inferiorities. The third is unity and self-consistency of
personality. There are two ways people operate with unity and self-consistency. They are organ dialect and conscious and unconscious. The fourth is social
interest. The fifth is style of life. The six is creative power. Alder believes that “each person is empowered
with the freedom to create her or his own style of life and they are responsible for who they are and how they
behave” p.79. It means that human are freely to be whatever they want. Human creative power leads and controls their life, determine
the way they behave to gain their goal, and give responsible for their final goal. The last is abnormal development. The writer also uses this theory to analyze
Olive‟s personality.
c Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Erich Fromm contributes the theory of humanistic psychology. Fromm assumed
that “humanity‟s separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a condition called basic anxiety as cited in Jess
Gregory, 2009, p. 187. There are four aspects which relate well to F romm‟s
theory. The first is human needs. In human needs, there are five kinds of human needs namely relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, and frame
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of orientation. The second is the burden of freedom. Fromm divides it into two namely mechanism of escape and positive freedom. The third is character
orientations which are also divided into namely nonproductive orientations and the productive orientations.
The fourth is personality disorders. Unhealthy personalities are caused by problems or people who are incapable of love and have failed to establish union
with others. Fromm discusses three rigorous personalities. They are necrophilia, malignant narcissism, and incestuous symbiosis. Necrophilia means love of death.
It deals with people who love someone who already die. For example, a person does sexual contact with a corpse. Malignant narcissism assumes that everything
belonging to narcissistic person is highly valued and everything belonging to another is devalued p. 201. In Fromm
‟s malignant form, narcissistic individuals are not only concern with admiring themselves and their health but they also
concern with their moral virtues and self-mage. In this type of narcissistic people, when their efforts are criticized by others, they react with anger and rage to fight
their critics even tries to destroy them. If they cannot overcome, the result is depression p. 201. The last is incestuous symbiosis. It is an extreme dependence
on the mother. Based on those theories, the writer only use theory of personal disorder which is called malignant narcissism because this theory has big
influence toward his personality and motivation.
d Sullivan’s Interpersonal Theory
Harry Stack Sullivan contributes the interpersonal theory which studies interpersonal relations. Sullivan concluded that people develop their personality
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through a social context. Without other people, humans have no personality as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p. 213. Sullivan discusses six aspects deals with
interpersonal theory. They are tension, dynamisms, personifications, level of cognition, stage of development, and psychological disorder. In this study, the
writer only discusses tension, dynamisms, and personifications since these three aspects are related to the analysis.
The first is tension. Tension is an energy which exist potentiality for action. There are two types of tensions namely needs and anxiety. In this study, I
use these two tensions since it i s related to the analysis. Needs are “tensions
brought by biological imbalance between a person and the physiochemical environment, both inside and outside the orga
nism.” p. 217. Although needs have a biological component, many of them stem from the interpersonal situation
called tenderness p. 217. Ten derness is “a general need” and it entails at least
two people to do actions. For example, a person‟s need to receive tenderness can be expressed as cry, smile and a person‟s need to give tenderness can be expressed
as touch. Anxiety is “a tension in opposition to the tensions of needs and to action appropriate to their r
elief” p. 219. According to Sullivan 2009, anxiety produces behaviors “that prevent people from learning from their mistake, keep
people pursuing a childish wish for security, and ensure that people will not learn from their exper
ience” p. 218. Sullivan 2009 defined anxiety in three: “The first, anxiety usually stems from complex interpersonal situation and
is only vaguely represented in awareness. The second, anxiety has no positive value and it is painful. The third, anxiety blocks the satisfaction of
needs” p. 219. The second aspect is dynamisms. It studies typical behavior patterns which
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characterize a person throughout a lifetime. It is divided into four namely malevolence, intimacy, lust, and self-
system. Malevolence is “the disjunctive dynamism of evil and hatred, characterized by feelin
g of living among one‟s enemies
” p. 219. For example, a person tries to control his friend‟s behavior by physical pain or scolding, his friend will learn how to protect himself by adopting
the malevolence attitude. Malevolence actions often take the form of timidity, mischievousness, cruelty, social or antisocial behavior p. 219-120. Intimacy is
close relationship between two people which show loving reactions to each other. Lust is isolating tendency which requires no other person for its satisfaction. Self-
system is the pattern of behaviors which maintain people‟s interpersonal security by protecting them from anxiety. In this study, only malevolence is appropriate to
the analysis. The third is personifications. According to Sullivan, personifications are
certain images of self which are needed from infancy and during people‟s developmental stages. He describes three basic personifications that develop
during infancy such as bad-mother, good-mother, me personifications, and eidetic personifications. First, bad-mother, good-
mother deals with infant‟s bad or god experience from the mother. Second, me personifications are divided into three.
They are bad-me, good-me, and not-me. Bad-me personification is the result from experience of punishment and disapproval or interpersonal situation p. 222. It
creates strong anxiety which teach the infant that they are bad. Good-me personification is the result from reward and approval experience p. 223. For
example, a child draw a picture then the mother gives positive comment and touch
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his hair lovingly. He will think that he is good. Not-me personification deals with anxiety and the experiences which are denied.
Eidetic personifications deal with imaginary or unreal friends which are considered as playmates. In this study, me personification especially good-me
personification is appropriate.
2 Skinner’s Behavioral Analysis in Learning Theory
Burrhus Frederic Skinner is one of the researchers who contribute his theories of behavioral analysis. Skinner noted that behavioral analysis studies
human personality through external events and private behavior such as thinking, remembering, and anticipating as cited in Jess Gregory, 2009, p. 441. Skinner
defines and analyses human behaviors through several ways such as scientific behaviorism, conditioning, the human organism, and the unhealthy personality. In
this study, I only discuss conditioning since it is strongly appropriate for the analysis of the study.
Skinner divided conditioning into two types namely classical conditioning and operant conditioning. First, classical conditioning is elicited behavior which
comes from the organism and shows elicited responses which are drawn from the organism like reflexive behavior. Second, operant conditioning emitted behavior.
It appears because “the organism operates on the environment to produce a specific e
ffect.” p. 450. The process begins from the organism. First the organism does something and then is reinforced by the environment. There are
several kinds of operant conditioning such as shaping, reinforcement, punishment, effects of punishment, punishment and reinforcement compared, conditioned and
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generalized reinforces, and schedule of reinforcement. However, the writer only discusses shaping since it is the most appropriate theory toward the study.
Shaping is “a procedure in which the experimenter or the environment first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then closer approximations and
finally the desire behavior itself” p. 450. For example, a child learns how to
wear t-shirt, the parents give reward like a candy. When he is successfully finished, he feels happy and does the same thing afterwards. In this example, three
conditions are present: the antecedent, the behavior, and the consequence. “The antecedent refers to the environment or setting in which the behavior takes place.
The behav ior refers to the child‟s behavior of dressing himself. The consequence
refers to the re ward” p. 450-451.
4. The Influence of Personality Toward Motivation
