environment. Sociocultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produces it p. 9.
The fourth is Mythopoeic Approach. This approach seeks to discover pattern of human thought which believe as the expression in literary work. Human
thought is the basic pattern which is found in ancient myth. Folk Philip Wheelwright defines myth as “the expression of communication mind which has
enjoyed long natural growth, so that the sense of togetherness becomes patterned and semantically
significant” p. 11. The fifth is Psychological Approach. This approach is employed to
understand human motivation, behavior, and personality in analyzing literary work. Human personality is divided into three parts. They are the ego, the super
ego, and the id. They are stays “within the mind of a man and often in conflict with one another
.” Human personality “develops from infancy through childhood until
adolescence” p. 14. The writer uses this approach since it is appropriate to the analysis.
2. Theory of Character and Characterization
The character is so prominent in the novel. By giving a character in the story of the novel, the author can convey many things such as messages, moral
values, and advice to the readers.
According to Henkle 1972, character is divided into major and minor character. The major charac
ter is the person who “often appears in the novel, whose appearances are frequent, attain the level of preeminence as major
character” p. 90. Meanwhile, minor characters are called types because of their
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
limited human flexibility and range, and they are fixed in one eccentric mold of behavior p. 99. According to E. M. Forster 1974, character is divided into two
types. They are flat and round character p. 47. In the seventeenth century, flat characters were called “humours”, types and caricatures. “Flat characters are
constructed round a single idea or quality; when there is more than one factor in them, we get the beginning of the curve towards the roun
d” Forster, 1974, p. 47. Flat character is also known as a stable character from the beginning until the end
of the story. The advantages of flat characters are that they are easily recognized and remembered. Round characters “have already been defined by implication and
no more need be said ” Forster, 1974, p. 53. Round characters change their
reactions differently based on different situations. To know further about the characters and their personalities in the novel,
the writer chooses a book entitle UNDERSTANDING UNSEEN: An Introduction to English Poetry and The Novel for Overseas Students. In this book, M. J.
Murphy 1972, the author, mentions several ways or attempts on how to make characters understandable and vividly for the readers. The first way is personal
description. Through personal description, “the author can describe a person‟s appear
ance and clothes” p. 161. The readers get the information of the characters through physical appearance. The second way is character as seen by
another. Murphy stated that “Instead of describing a character directly the author
can describe him through the eyes an d opinions of another” p. 162. The readers
get the information about the character‟s personality through another character‟s thought and point of view. The third way is speech. Murphy revealed that
“The
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that per
son says” p.164. The readers know the characteristic of the character through the way the character having conversation to others and
whenever the character speaks. The fourth way is past life. “By letting the reader learn something about a
person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character” p. 166. The fifth way is conversation of others. “The
author can also give us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other people and the thi
ng they say about him” p. 167. The sixth way is reactions. “The author can also give us a clue to a person‟s character by letting us
know how that person reacts to various situations and events” p. 168.
The seventh way is direct comment. “The author can describe or comment on a person
‟s character directly” p. 170. The eighth way is thoughts. “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a per
son is thinking about” p. 171. The last way is mannerism. “The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits, or
idiosyncrasies which may also tell us somethi ng about his character” p. 173.
3. Theories of Personality a. Definition of Personality
