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The second theory is communication deviance. It focuses on the matter of communications between parents and children. Here, there are usually some
misinterpretations in receiving words said between parents and children. Actually, most of that communication is caused by the contradictory message. Usually, to
say and top express their message in verbal, they like to use a rejection and affecting but the aim of the use of them is as a complement. Alloy, 1996:396.
7. Psychological Factor in Schizophrenia
Psychological factor is one that affects someone to become schizophrenic. Trauma that was felt during childhood usually will affect someone’s personality
and behavior. Karl Menninger has provided a vivid picture of the defenses – and special
vulnerabilities – of adolescents and young adults who have suffered deep hurts and have come to view the world as a dangerous and hostile place
Coleman, 1976: 316.
The above quotation shows that children who had some bad past experiences usually will build their own defense to avoid the deep hurts in them
appear. Besides, people who were tortured and ignored when they were children will see the world as a dangerous and hostile place. It happened because words
and actions that children see and hear will be easily recorded in their mind. Children who suffer from schizophrenia will usually be sensitive and
fragile. Trauma in them does not make them make a distance with their social life but they do the opposite. Here, they want to make a relation with people although
they cannot hide their anxious and fear every time they found a stimulation that reminds them about their bad past experience.
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In some instance the outcome seems to be a “stormy” personality. Here, instead of withdrawing, the individual tries aggressively to relate to
people. He is highly vulnerable to hurt, however and his existence is usually an anxious one Coleman, 1976: 316.
C. Theoretical Framework
This study focuses on factors that make Kawashima Masayuki suffer from Paranoid schizophrenia. The theories that are already explained above will support
the analysis of Kawashima Masayuki’s characteristics and what makes him suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.
In this study, the writer puts theories of intrinsic element of a literary work, which are character and characterization, to analyze the characteristics of
Kawashima Masayuki. Murphy’s theory of characterization states that there are nine ways that the writer can choose to find out the characteristics of the character
that want to be analyzed in the novel. Some ways that the writer chooses to support the analysis in this study are speech, past life, reactions and thoughts.
These four ways are significant to be used in analyzing and answering the first problem formulations.
Theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, then, are used to prove whether Kawashima suffers from paranoid schizophrenia or not. It is used
to answer the second problem formulation. The theory of schizophrenia focuses on the general symptoms of schizophrenia until it leads to a conclusion that the
main character has mental illness. Besides, theory of paranoid schizophrenia is used to differentiate this type of schizophrenia with other types of schizophrenia
in purpose to reach a conclusion that the main character in Piercing really suffers
