Background of the Study

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D. Definition of Terms

To avoid any misunderstandings about the content of this research, there are some important keywords that are listed as follows:

1. Schizophrenia

According to Gary R. Vandenbos in APA Dictionary of Psychology, schizophrenia defined as “a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances on thinking cognition, emotional responsiveness, and behavior” 2007: 815. From the above quotation, the writer finds out that people who suffer from schizophrenia sometimes find difficulties in communicating because when their thoughts are disturbed by imaginations and false believe that they made, they cannot control their behavior. In short, they trust more what is in their mind instead of the reality.

2. Paranoid Schizophrenia

Taken from APA Dictionary of Psychology, paranoid schizophrenia is defined as follow: In DSM-IV-TR, a subtype of schizophrenia. Often with a later onset that other types, characterized by prominent delusions or auditory hallucinations. Delusions are typically persecutory, grandiose, or both: hallucinations are typically related to the content of the delusional theme. Cognitive functioning and mood are affected to a much lesser degree than in other types of schizophrenia. The DSM-III designation was paranoid type schizophrenic disorder Vandenbos, 2007: 670. From the above quotation, people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia have almost the same symptoms as those who suffer from paranoid. The difference is that in paranoid, the patients just feel suspicious and insecure, but in 6 paranoid schizophrenia, not only do the patients feel suspicious toward something or someone, but they are also stuck in their imagination like hallucinations and delusions that lead them into becoming violent or to commit suicide. People who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia totally cannot differentiate which one is real and which one is only a hallucination. 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEWS

In this chapter, the writer explains some theories which are considered to be related to this study. There are three parts that will be explained further. The first part is the review of related studies containing some previous studies which are related to this study. The second part is the review of related theories to be applied to this study. And the last part is the theoretical framework which explains further about the function of those studies and theories and how they apply in this study.

A. Review of Related Studies

In the beginning scene of the novel, Kawashima Masayuki became paranoid when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby. What he saw between his daughter and wife suddenly made him became afraid and anxious. Murakami gets to his trademark grit on impact, with Kawashima Masayuki watching his newborn daughter sleep in her crib in the middle of the night. three pages, he is caressing her cheek with an ice pick. Imagining what it would feel like to puncture the baby’s skin. Instead of following his brutal instincts, he makes himself a promise: He will instead stab a prostitute with the ice pick. Get it out of his system, and save his little family. Kawashima begins filling a notebook with elaborate plans involving gloves, a change of clothes, a falsified accent, and the size, shape and skin color of the victim http:christalawler.com20100902. The related study above shows that the emotion and the thought of Kawashima Masayuki are disorganized. On one hand, he wanted to stab his daughter, but on the other hand, he realized that he is her father. His fears of being 8 left or lonely caused him to be unable to control his desire to hurt someone because his bad experiences had already affected his social life. Another related study is taken from an undergraduate thesis written by Agatha Maria W.S.P who summarized about mental illness and schizophrenia. Most times mental illness in general and schizophrenia in particular comes the public attention’s only when behaviours are bizarre or violent, but there is still a long way to go in helping educate families and remove the stigma. However people with such illness are still human. Palupi, 2004: 50 Agatha Maria tried to say that everybody has the same right to be treated as a human although that person has mental illness. She believed that there is still a way to help patients with mental illness or schizophrenia and that is why she tried to find a way to change people’s mind into thinking that mental illness is something that can be cured. In this novel, Kawashima is described as a sick, insecure, and violent person. Below is another study that is written by Irene Wanner, From here, the two limited-third-person points of view interweave, gaining speed as the narrative moves from one mind to the other, building tension. Kawashima -- paranoid, frightened and uncertain -- has met his match in the schizophrenic Chiaki, whom he later will see as a chronic suicide case. The two are a mismatch made in hell. As their bizarre encounter unfolds, Murakami keeps his readers pinned in the unpleasant present, where we cant help wanting to learn how the horrors of these terrible childhoods will play out in the sick games of deeply damaged adults http:www.sfgate.com20070401RVG3OOPB2O1.DTL. From the above quotation, Wanner wanted to share that actually the past life during childhood influences behavior and attitude of someone in adults’ life. The fear of being rejected had already tore up Kawashima’s confidence and figures of a happy family. Rejection and abuses caused Kawashima to be paranoid every