Formulasi Medium dan Validasi Model

selanjutnya perlu dilakukan pengamatan enzim-enzim yang terlibat dalam proses metabolisme pembentukan siklotirosil-prolil. Disamping itu perlu dilakukan pengamatan gen-gen yang bertanggung jawab dalam proses pembentukan siklotirosil-prolil. Dengan demikian produktivitas antibiotik masih dapat ditingkatkan kembali. Selain variabel komposisi medium fermentasi, variabel proses fermentasi seperti aerasi dan agitasi juga berpengaruh terhadap produktivitas antibiotik. Variabel aerasi dan agitasi dapat dipelajari dengan menggunakan fermentor. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan untuk menguji pengaruh aerasi, agitasi, dan suhu fermentasi secara simultan terhadap peningkatan produktivitas antibiotik dengan menggunakan fermentor. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abbas AS, Edwards C. 1990. Effect of metals on Streptomyces coelicolor growth and actinohordin production. Appl Environ Microbiol. 563: 675-680. Abou-Zeid AA, El-Diwany AI, Shaker HM, Salem HM.1981. Role of nitrogen sources in fermentative production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 93060. Agr Wastes 3: 257-265. Aharonowitz Y.1980. Nitrogen metabolite regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis. Ann Rev Microbiol. 34:209-33. Aiba S, Humprey AE, Millis NF. 1973. Biochemical engineering second edition. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. Alcamo E. 1996. Fundamental of microbiology. Ed ke-4. California: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Allen DG, Robinson C. 1990. Measurement of rheological properties of filamentous fermentation broths. Chem Eng Sci. 45:37-48. Andrews JM. 2001. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. J Antimicrob Chemother 48 S1: 5-16. Annaliesa S, Anderson, Elizabeth MH, Wellington. 2001. The taxonomy of Streptomyces and related genera. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 797–814. Apriyantono A, Fardiaz D, Puspitasari NL, Sedarnawati, Budiyanto S. 1989. Petunjuk Laboratorium Analisis Pangan. Bogor: P.T. Penerbit IPB IPB Press. Araujo JM, Adilson CD, Joao LA. 2008. Isolation of endophytic actinomycetes from roots and leaves of maize Zea mays L. Brazil Electronic Journal. 23 Desember 2008.Diunduh 11 Agustus 2010. Ashy MA, Abou-ZeidAA. 1982. Fermentative production of spiramycins. Enzym Microb. Technol 4: 20-24. Awad HM, Shahed KYI, Nakkadi. EM. 2009. Isolation, screening and identification of newly isolated soil Streptomyces Streptomyces sp. NRC- 35 for β-lactamase inhibitor production. World Appl Sc J 75:637-646. Barun K, Bhattacharyya, Sushil CP, Sukanta K, Sen. 1998. Antibiotic production by Streptomyces hygroscopicus D1.5: Cult Effect. Rev. Microbiol 29: 314- 317. Bennett JW dan Bentley R. 1989. Whats in a name? Microbial secondary metabolism. Adv Appl Microbiol 34: 1-28 Benslimane C, Lebrihi A, Lounes A, Lefebvr G, Germain P. 1995. Influence of dextrine on the assimilastion of yeast extract amino acids in culture of Streptomyces ambofaciens producer spiramycin. Enzyme Microbiol Technol 17:1003-1013. Berdy J. 2005. Bioactive microbial metabolites review article. J Antibiot 581: 1-26.2005 Bonev B, James H, Judicael P. 2008. Principles of assessing bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics using the agar diffusion method. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:1295–1301 Box GEP dan Draper NR. 1987. Emperical model building and response surface. New York: John Wiley Sons. Box GEP, Hunter WG, Hunter JS. 1978. Statistics for experimenters. an introduction to design, data analysis and model building . New York: John Wiley and Sons. Bround-Howland EB, Danielson SS, Niezwicki-Baue SA.1992. Development of rapid method for detecting bacterial cell insitu using 16S rRNA-targeted robe. Biotechniques 13:928-933. Bushell ME, Dunstan GL, Wilson GC. 1997. Effect of small scale culture vessel type on hyphal fragment size and erythromycin production in Saccharopolyspora erythraea Biotechnol Lett 99:849-852. Campbell, Neill A. 2002. Biologi. Edisi kelima Jilid 1. Jakarta: Erlangga. Charan RD, Schlingmann G, Janso J, Bernan V, Feng X, Carter GT. 2004 Diazepinomicin, a new antimicrobial alkaloid from marine Micromonospora sp. J Nat Prod 67:1431-1433 Cross T. 1982. Actinomycetes : A continuing source of new metabolites. Di dalam Lancini G, Rolando L. 1993. Biotechnology of antibiotic and other