Review of Related Studies

11 The second, the way to analyze the characterization is through characters description as seen by another 1972: 162. The reader is able to obtain reflection or image of the character through the eyes of another character in the story. The third, characterization can be analyzed through speech1972: 164. The author can give some understanding of the character through what character says. The author present some hints of the characterization whenever a character speaks, whenever a character is in conversation with another character or whenever a character states an opinion. The fourth, the characterization can be analyzed through past life 1972: 166 . The reader can learn something about a character’s past life by a hint given by the author in the story. The past life of the character reflects through direct comment seen in the person’s, thought, conversation, or through the medium of another character. The fifth, the characterization can be analyzed through conversation of other. The character often talks about other characters and it gives some hints to the description of particular character 1972: 167. The sixth, the characterization can be analyzed through reactions. The author can give the reader a hint by presenting the character’s reactions to particular situations and events 1972: 168. The seventh, the characterization can be analyzed through direct comment. The author explains or comments on a person’s character straightly without any medium 1972: 170. Next, the characterization can be analyzed through thoughts. The author give the reader 12 straight information of what a character is thinking about, what is on the character’s mind and what the character feels 1972: 171. Last, the characterization can be analyzed through mannerisms. The author portrays a character’s mannerism by the description of the character’s habits and behaviors 1972: 173.These nine ways are applied to a gain concrete understanding of the character in the story. The reader can view the complete image of the character by seeing at personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of other, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Thus, these ways helps the reader understand about the character completely.

2. Theory of Conflict

Conflict contributes the dynamic flow of the story in the novel. According to Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson in Perrine’s Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense Tenth Edition; important information can be find in the conflict that present as follows. Conflict--a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills. Characters may be pitted against some other person or group of persons conflict of person against person; they may be in conflict with some external force-- physical nature, society, or “fate” conflict of person against environment; or they may be in conflict with some elements in their own natures conflict of person against himself or herself. The conflict may be physical, mental emotional, or moral 2009: 104. Arp and Johnson divide conflict into two which are internal conflict conflict person against himself and herself and external conflict conflict person 13 against person or environment. A contrast action, will, ideas, and desire occur because every character is unique and have their own perspective. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia in their book An Introduction to Fiction Eleventh Edition define conflict as the contradiction between forces in the story. Conflict is the central struggle between two or more forces in the story. Conflict generally occurs when some person or thing prevents the protagonists from achieving his or her intended goal. Opposition can arise from another character, external events, preexisting situations, fate, or even some aspect of the main character’s own personality 2010: 714. Conflict can forbid the character to reach her or his goal. It also can keep particular action or situation to happen. Therefore, conflict is the main aspect that builds the plot in the story.

3. Theory of Motivation

Every person has motivation in his or her life. It provokes people to do actions in order to fulfill their goals. In the book Motivation: Theory and Research by Herbert L. Petri, “motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior 1981: 3”. This concept influences people to decide and behave in particular situation happen in daily life. Petri also stated the theory of motivation that is developed by Abraham Maslow in his book. Maslow discovered motivation which is in relation with human needs called hierarchy of needs. A person is less