Objectives of Study Definition of Terms

terms: cultural equivalence, cultural transposition, cultural transfer, translational relationships, and cultural adequacy. The degree to which the original cultural perspective of the ST is translated faithfully into the TT varies depends on the method chosen by a translator. Hervey, Higgins and Haywood in their book Thinking Spanish Translation: A Course of Translation Method, Spanish to English are suggested a scale of translation techniques for culture specific concepts: a Exoticism or cultural borrowing is when the TT retains the original cultural and linguistic features of the SL and is therefore the most faithful to the ST cultural background. The TT might be difficult to understand for public unfamiliar with the ST culture. b Calque is a literally translated fixed expression which often either does not make logical sense in the TT or its sense is different from the one the ST author had in mind. c Communicative translation uses communicative equivalents predominantly in terms of fixed expressions. d Cultural transplantation is when the ST is fully adapted to the TT audience often beyond recognition of being a translation itself . 1995: 20 Proper names is one of wizardry terms features. To translate proper names there are some methods that can be applied. Based on Behnaz Sanaty Pour‟s journal about How To Translate Proper Names based on the theories from Hervey and Higgins ‟ book Thinking French Translation 2002 present some strategies for translating proper names: Exoticism: The name should remain unchanged from the SL to the TL. In this method no cultural transposition is occurred. Transliteration: The name is shifted to conform to the phonic or graphic rules of the TL. Cultural transplantation: The SL name is replaced by the TL name that has the same cultural connotation as the original one. http:accurapid.comjournal2009. The other features of wizardry terms are alliteration and assonance. In his journal about Problems of Rendering Linguistic Devices in Rumis Poetry, Mahmoud Ordurari states that, Some cases of translation loss, every so often referred to as untranslatability, related to formal features of a text, seems to come about in alliteration, assonance, and ambiguous words. Hervey Higgins 1992:76 define alliteration as the recurrence of the same sound letter or sound letter cluster at the beginning of words for example, many mighty m idgets; however, when the recurrence of the same sound letter or sound letter cluster occurs within words for example, my crafty history masters bathtub, this is called, according to Hervey Higgins 1992:76, assonance original emphasis. http:accurapid.com2008

2. The Theory of Translation Methods

a. Translation method of semantic and communicative translation by Peter Newmark According to Peter Newmark, there are two methods of translation, they are semantic translation and communicative translation. Most of non-literary writing, journalism, informative article and books, textbook, reports, scientific and technological writing, non-personal correspondence, propaganda, publicity notices, and popular fiction represent typical content suitable for communivative translation. Different with certain topics like philosophical, religious, political, scientific, technical and literary, needs to be translated semantically because the original expression of the content itself Newmark, 1988, p.44. Table 2.1. Semantic and Communicative Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation Attemps to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the SL. Attemps to produce in its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Remains within the original culture. Adapts and makes the thought and cultural content of the original more accessible to the readers. More informative but less effective Effective in producing the same effect to the TL readers. More complex, awkward, detailed, concentrated and pursues the thought- processes rather than the intention of the translitter. Smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, more understandable, conforms to a particular register of language Tends to be over-translated Tends to use universal words than the original text under-translated Always inferior to its original, since it involves loss of meaning. The translator is trying in his or her own language to write a little better than the original. Translator has the right to correct and improve the logic and its structures. Translator has the right to correct or improve the logic, to replace clumsy with elegant, or at least functional, syntactic structures. Produces an art. Produces a craft. Reproduces the full meaning of the original, not simply one of its function. Give priority to message. The basic differences beetween communicative and semantic translation are in the stress on message and meaning, reader and author, utterances and though-process, last informative and constantive, but this is more about the matter of emphasis Newmark, 1981. Newmark also stated that “a translation can be more or less semantic – more or less communicative – even a particular section or sentence can be trated more communicatively or less semantically” 1981, p.40.