Review of Related Studies

scientific, technical and literary, needs to be translated semantically because the original expression of the content itself Newmark, 1988, p.44. Table 2.1. Semantic and Communicative Translation Semantic Translation Communicative Translation Attemps to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the SL. Attemps to produce in its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Remains within the original culture. Adapts and makes the thought and cultural content of the original more accessible to the readers. More informative but less effective Effective in producing the same effect to the TL readers. More complex, awkward, detailed, concentrated and pursues the thought- processes rather than the intention of the translitter. Smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, more understandable, conforms to a particular register of language Tends to be over-translated Tends to use universal words than the original text under-translated Always inferior to its original, since it involves loss of meaning. The translator is trying in his or her own language to write a little better than the original. Translator has the right to correct and improve the logic and its structures. Translator has the right to correct or improve the logic, to replace clumsy with elegant, or at least functional, syntactic structures. Produces an art. Produces a craft. Reproduces the full meaning of the original, not simply one of its function. Give priority to message. The basic differences beetween communicative and semantic translation are in the stress on message and meaning, reader and author, utterances and though-process, last informative and constantive, but this is more about the matter of emphasis Newmark, 1981. Newmark also stated that “a translation can be more or less semantic – more or less communicative – even a particular section or sentence can be trated more communicatively or less semantically” 1981, p.40. The novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret can be translated using communicative method but still cannot ignore the original one itself. b. Translation method of cultural issues by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins To analyze this research further, some methods from Sandor hervey and Ian Higgins will be used in this research. This following part will be about the theory of translation methods by Hervey and Higgins. Translation is involving the tranposition of thought expressed in one language by one social group into the appropriate expression of another group. In the cultural level, the translation should become an immediate effect on the reader with certain purposes. Hervey and Higgins in their book Thinking of Translation, a course of Translation Method: French-English, have explained more specific about translation methods that relate with the cultural term. Since, religion also involves in cultural term because it has certain belief and tradition. They mention some various kinds of cultural transposition which can be alternative to analize SL-biased literal translation. It means that as a translation tool, cultural transposition can suppres the cultural elements of the source text to make space for the cultural elements of the target text. They propose some degree of cultural transposition that involves the choice of features original to the TL and the target culture in preference to feature with their root in the source culture. The result is to reduce the „foreigness‟ or the specific term in the TL. In some extents, it is „naturalizing‟ into the TL and its cultural setting. The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a scale. It starts between the extremes of exiticism which mostly based on source