Efek kontraktilitas otot polos pada pemberian karbakol

33 13. Sherwood L. The urinary system. In : Human Physiology : From cells to systems. 7th ed. USA : BrooksCole. 2010. P 511 – 556. 14. Yoshimura N and Chancellor MB. Physiology and pharmacology of the bladder and urethra. Chapter 60. In : Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Elsevier. 2011. P 1786 – 1833. 15. Barrett KE et al. Excitable tissue : muscle. In : Ganong’s review of medical physiology. 23rd ed. USA : Mc Graw Hill. 2010. 16. Mokry J, Jakubesova M, Svihra J et al. Reactivity of urinary bladder smooth muscle in guinea pigs to acetylcholine and carbachol : participation of acetylcholinesterase. Physiol 2005; 54: 453-458. 17. Fry CH, Meng E, Young JS. The physiological function of lower urinary tract smooth muscle. Autonomic Neuroscience 2010; 154: 3-13. 18. Puetz S, Tubomirov LT and Pfitzer G. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction by small GTPases. Physiol 2009; 24: 342-356. 19. Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J et al. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food additives and contaminants 2003; 20: 1-30. 20. Hardman JG, Limbird LE et al. Goodman and gilman, Dasar Farmakologiterapi. Volume 1. Edisi 10. Jakarta ; EGC ; 2007. 21. Armstrong LE, Pumerantz AC, Roti MW et al. Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption. Int J sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2005; 15: 252-265. 22. Hirayama F and Lee AH. Is caffeine intake associated with urinary incontinence in japanese adult. J preventive medicine and public health 2012; 45: 204-208. 23. Sibley GN. A comparison of spontaneous and nerve-mediated activity in bladder muscle from man, pig and rabbit. J Physiol 1984; 354: 431-443. 24. Uvelius B. Length-tension relations of in vitro urinary bladder smooth muscle strips. J pharmacol and toxicology methods, Elsevier. 2001; 45: 87-90. 25. Fastjer FN and Reid CSW. Constant flow organ-bath techniques. Brit J Pharmacol 1949; 4: 109-110. 26. Segen JC. Concise dictionary of modern medicine.USA : Mc Graw-Hill. 2006. 110, 163. 34 27. Lee JG, Wein AJ and Levin RM. The effect of caffeine on the contractile response of the rabbit urinary bladder to field stimulation. Gen Pharmacol 1993; 24: 1007-1011. 28. Sato K, Ozaki H and Karaki H. Multiple effects of caffeine on contraction and cytosolic free Ca2+ levels in vascular smooth muscle of rat aorta. Naunyn- Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 1988; vol 338. Issue 4: 443-448. 29. Zalk R, Lehnart SE and Marks AR. Modulation of the Ryanodine Receptor and Intracellular Calcium. Annu. Rev. Biochem 2007; 76: 367- 385. 30. Watanabe C, Yamamoto H, Hirano K et al. Mechanisms of caffeine- induced contraction and relaxation of rat aortic smooth muscle. J Physiol 1992; 456: 193-213. 31. Yi CR, Wei ZQ, Deng XL et al : Effect of coffee and caffeine on baldder dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27: 1037-1043.