Text-Based Approach Theoretical Review

21 competence. Feez and Joyce in Richards 2006: 36 state several important points in using this approach in teaching language. They are: a. Teaching explicitly about the structures and grammatical features of spoken and written texts b. Linking spoken and written texts to the cultural context of their use c. Designing units of work which focus on developing skills in relation to whole texts d. Providing students with guided practice as they develop language skills for meaningful communication through whole texts To implement this approach, there are several stages that should be done in the teaching and learning process. Feez and Joyce in Richards 2006: 39 – 41 explain how the text-based approach should be implemented in the English teaching and learning process as follows: a. Building the Context This stage aims to build students’ background knowledge of the text. In this stage, the English teacher introduces the social context of an authentic model of the text being studied. The students also explore the immediate context of the situation by examining the register of a model text which has been selected on the basis of the course objectives and students’ need. b. Modelling and Deconstructing the Text In this stage of Text-Based Instruction, students are given a text and learn it. They will examine the structural pattern and language features of the text. c. Joint Construction of the Text Joint Construction of the Text is a phase in which students can begin to contribute to the construction of whole examples of the text type. In this phase, students must do the activity in group. 22 d. Independent Construction of the Text Students must work individually in this phase of Text-Based Instruction. Their performances are used for achievement assessment. e. Linking Related Text The last stage of this approach gives opportunity for students to investigate how what they have learned in the teaching and learning cycle can be related to other text in the same or similar context or the future or past cycles of teaching and learning Text-Based Instruction is an approach that stressed out the use of the different kinds of text in the specific use of their context in the English teaching and learning process. This approach can be used to develop students’ communicative competence by providing various types of text that can be found in the real world.

5. The Multiple Intelligences–Based Techniques

a. Intelligences

Every learner is different. One of the factors that makes them different is intelligences. Furthermore, Gardner 2011: 64, one of major scientist in this field, claims in his book that intelligence includes a set of skills of problem solving. This set of skills can be seen when a person try to solve a problem or difficulties. When a person tries to solve a problem, heshe have their own perspective of how the problem should be solved. Some people may think a problem should be solved if they can discuss it together to reach a way that can satisfy every person. 23 Meanwhile, other people may solve a problem individually because they think it is the best way to solve it. A person’s intelligence can also be seen from the way heshe acquires new knowledge. This is supported by Gardner. Gardner 2011:64-65 proposes that a person’s intelligence also consists of “the potential for finding or creating solutions for problems”. This potential enables a person to acquire new knowledge. Weinland has the same thought with Gardner’s statement. Weinland in Haboush 2010: 42 believes that intelligence is the ability to learn. Each person has their own preferences in learning. These preferences are related to their intelligences. However, though there are many kinds of intelligences, each intelligence is unique. Intelligence, according to Nicholson-Nelson 1998: 9, is located in many different parts of the brains, which are interconnected, rely upon one another, can work independently if needed and can be developed with the right environmental conditions. It means that a person does not just have one kind of intelligence. Inside a human mind, there are many kinds of intelligences. Those intelligences work together. However, if it is needed, their intelligence can work alone. Intelligence is one of the very important factors to be considered in the education. If intelligence affect the way a student’s learns, a teacher should consider that they need to design a teaching and learning process that is not just promote certain kind of intelligence. They should design a class that can make students learn in many different ways.