39 learning and teaching situation, media, and methods used by the teacher in
learning English inside the class. Moreover, the observation aimed to identify the students’ characteristics, such as the way they react, perceive, and assess, by
understanding better the students’ academic factors, their social interaction, learning conditions, level of English, and learning style. The observation was
conducted by visiting class VIII D during the process of teaching learning English. The researcher observed the class activity and made the thick mark at the
observation checklist for each item which was observed. While doing the observation, the researcher also took notes of necessary information.
b. Interview Guide
As defined by Ary et al. 1979, an interview is a way of people’s feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and opinions by asking them some questions related to
the topic being investigated p. 434. Moreover, Ary et al. 1979 state that there are two types of interview, structured and unstructured interviews p. 175.
Structured interview is the interview in which all the questions have been prepared and printed in. It is usually held in formal situation. Besides,
unstructured interview is more informal and more similar to common conversation. In this research, the researcher used unstructured interview to obtain
the additional information for the needs analysis. Nonetheless, the interview guide which consists of some questions to obtain information on learners’ background
knowledge, characteristics, lacks, needs, and interests were still used. It was employed to avoid the useless questions which could be found from the
observation. Through unstructured interview, the researcher could gain much
40 more information about the data needed from the teacher’s perspectives
effectively. In conducting the interview, the researcher took notes of the results of the interview.
2. Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques of the Post-design Research
The researcher employed the evaluation questionnaire as the instrument for the preliminary field testing. The data were gathered by distributing the
evaluation questionnaire to a lecturer of the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University and two English teachers of SMP Negeri 1
Jogonalan Klaten. The questionnaire was in the form of closed-ended and open- ended questions. The closed-ended questions were used to assist the participants
in filling in the evaluation questionnaire since there were choices provided. Coher, Manion, and Marrison 2000 states that the open-ended questions were employed
to gain authenticity, richness, honest, and depth of responses to the designed materials p. 225. The participants answered every question by themselves.
Therefore, they could answer and give their opinions, comments, suggestions on the designed materials freely using their own words. The evaluation questionnaire
was used to obtain feedbacks, opinions, comments, and suggestions on the designed materials. The results of the evaluation would be used to revise and
improve the designed materials.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
There were two important points discussed in the data analysis
techniques.
They were participants’ needs and evaluation on the designed materials.
