Group Activities The Eighth Grade Students of SMP Negeri 1 Jogonalan Klaten

13 as follows: What must be learned? objectives What procedures and resources will work best to reach the desired learning levels? activities and resources How will we know when the required learning has taken place? evaluation Those three elements have been developed into eight important parts in the instructional design Kemp, 1977, pp. 8-9. The brief explanation for each part is stated as follows. 1 Considering goals, listing the topics, and then stating general purposes for teaching each topic In this stage, a researcher should consider the goals of designing materials, select the appropriate topics for the students, and state the general purposes of objectives. Kemp 1977 states that goals can be based on three factors namely society, learners, and subject areas p. 14. In order to achieve the goal, the selection of the topics should be from the simple to complex level, and should also consider the correlation with the subject content Kemp, 1977, p. 15. 2 Identifying the characteristics of the learners In order to design the appropriate materials, the researcher should find out the learners’ characteristics. This is an important step because it can help to select the appropriate method, materials, and exercises for the learners. There are two factors should be considered to figure out the learners’ characteristics. They are academic factors and social factors. Academic factors include number of students, 14 academic background, grade-point average, level of intelligence, reading level, background of the subject or topic, expectation of the course, scores on standardized achievement and aptitude tests, motivation for studying the subject, study habits, ability to work alone, vocational and cultural aspirations. Social factors include the information about age, maturity, relation among students, special talents, socioeconomic situation and relations among students. The other factors are learning conditions and learning styles. Moreover, Kemp 1977 states that learning conditions refer to group of factors that can affect a person’s ability to concentrate, absorb, and retain information p. 19. 3 Specifying the learning objectives Learning objectives indicate what learners are required to learn. Objectives are any abilities or behaviors that can be measured and observed clearly. Thus, the researcher has to specify the objectives clearly so that the learners are able to understand and achieve them. Kemp 1977 states that the objectives should be measurable and unambiguous p. 23. The researcher should consider the action verb which is used in specifying the learning objectives since action verb relates to certain level of objectives. According to Kemp 1977, there are three categories of objectives namely cognitive, psychomotor, and affective p. 24. The cognitive is mostly used in educational program which consists of knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, and evaluation. 4 Organizing subject content Subject content is the selection and organization of the specific knowledge facts and information, skills step-by-step procedures, conditions, and