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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a discussion of the theories as the foundation of this research. The discussion is divided into two major parts namely theoretical
description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description discusses the theories and related literature which contribute knowledge as the basis to conduct
this research. The second part, theoretical framework, clarifies the theories that the researcher employs in designing the materials.
A. Theoretical Description
This section elaborates several related literature employed in this research. They are instructional design models, grammar, group activities, and the stages of
teaching grammar.
1. The Instructional Design Models
There are some instructional design models for designing instructional teaching materials. However, this research employs two instructional models.
They are Kemp’s and Yalden’s models. Those theories are combined in order to design grammar instructional materials for the eighth grade students of SMP
Negeri 1 Jogonalan Klaten.
a. Kemp’s Instructional Design Model
Kemp’s model is the first model used in this research. Kemp’s model is characterized by three important questions Kemp, 1977, p. 8. The questions are
13 as follows:
What must be learned? objectives What procedures and resources will work best to reach the desired
learning levels? activities and resources How will we know when the required learning has taken place?
evaluation Those three elements have been developed into eight important parts in the
instructional design Kemp, 1977, pp. 8-9. The brief explanation for each part is stated as follows.
1 Considering goals, listing the topics, and then stating general purposes for teaching each topic
In this stage, a researcher should consider the goals of designing materials, select the appropriate topics for the students, and state the general purposes of
objectives. Kemp 1977 states that goals can be based on three factors namely society, learners, and subject areas p. 14. In order to achieve the goal, the
selection of the topics should be from the simple to complex level, and should also consider the correlation with the subject content Kemp, 1977, p. 15.
2 Identifying the characteristics of the learners In order to design the appropriate materials, the researcher should find out
the learners’ characteristics. This is an important step because it can help to select the appropriate method, materials, and exercises for the learners. There are two
factors should be considered to figure out the learners’ characteristics. They are academic factors and social factors. Academic factors include number of students,
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