CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
A clause is a syntactic unit consisting of a subject and a predicate. A clause is divided into independent and dependent clause. Independent clause is a
clause that can stand alone as a simple sentence and a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence even though it contains a subject and a verb. The types
of dependent clauses are adverbial clauses, noun clauses and adjective clauses. Quirk 1987: 1233-1234 stated that adverbial clauses function mainly as
adjuncts, which parts also perform in a sentence as adverbial phrases or as adverbial prepositional phrases. Noun clause is a subordinate clause which is used
as a noun in the sentence. There are three main structural types of clauses. They are finite clause, nonfinite clause and verbless clause. Finite clause is a clause
whose verb element is finite. Nonfinite clause is a clause whose verb element is nonfinite. There are four structural classes of nonfinite verb clauses. They are to-
infinitive, bare infinitive, -ing participle, and –ed participle. Verbless clause is a clause that does not have a verb element, but is nevertheless capable of being
analysed into clause elements. Dependent clauses can fill grammatical functions. On the basis of their
functions, dependent clauses can be divided into the following types. They are, noun clause, adverb clause and adjective clause. A dependent clause that can
function as a noun in the sentence is called noun clause. A noun clause performs the same function like a noun in the sentence. We can see from the example What
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she did made a problem for his family. In the sentence, “what he did” functions as a noun; hence, it is a noun clause. A noun clause can work as a noun that acts as
subject, object or predicate in a sentence. A dependent clause can function as an adverb in the sentence. An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb. It can
modify the situation in main clause in terms of time, frequency how often,
cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity to what extent. A dependent
clause that can function as an adjective in the sentence is called adjective clause. An adjective functions to modify anoun or a pronoun.
Adjective clause or relative clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Relative clause is in the level of phrasepost-
modifier. They will begin with a relative pronoun like: that, whom, who, which or whose. Comrei 1981: 150 stated that in transformational terms, relative
clause formation in English involves a movement transformation, moving the wh- word from its normal position in the clause to clause-initial position. In English,
relative clause can be grouped into two categories, namely: restrictivedefining and non-restrictivenon-defining. In relative clause, relative pronoun occurs
clause-initially. There are the distinctions between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in English. In restrictive relative clause, the sentence provides the
hearer with sufficient information. But in non-restrictive relative clause, the sentence gives an added piece of information. Non-restrictive relative clauses can
be illustrated by the following examples: the man, who had arrived yesterday, left this morning
Comrie:1981. It can be seen from the sentence that the hearer can identify which man is being talked about. In English, the relative pronoun who or
which is required in non-restrictive relatives. They are different in semantic or
pragmatic terms, in particular the restrictive relative clause uses presupposed information to identify the referent of a noun phrase. It is stated that non-
restrictive relative is a way of presenting new information on the basis of the assumption that the referent can already be identified. The modification is said to
be restrictive when the reference of the head is a member of a class and it can be identified only through the modification that is supplied. Restrictiveness can
indicate a limitation on the possible reference of the head. The reference of a noun phrase can be viewed as unique or as a member of a class that is independently
identified. In restrictive relative clause, the relative pronoun can function as subject, object, complement, and adverbial. In relative pronoun, there is a
distinction between who and whom, depending on its role as subject of relative clause, or as object, or as prepositional complement.
Quirk 1985 stated that sentential relative clauses parallel nonrestrictive postmodifying clauses in noun phrases in that they are separated by intonation or
punctuation from their antecedent. Which is a relative pronoun, but it may also be a relative determiner of general abstract nouns such as fact, case, event, or
situation, or more specific verbal nouns such as failure or claim. The determiner
which can be found with the prepositions other than in. Furthermore, the pronoun
which can be a prepositional complement. The noun phrases can be prepositional
complements and represent the antecedent. There are some translation problems which usually occur such as lexicon,
communication and cultural context of the source language text. The purpose of
this research is to analyze the translation of English relative clauses into Indonesian found in the novel. There are differences in terms of syntax in English
and Indonesian. Besides, there are two languages spoken by the people who have different cultural backgrounds that could affect languages. One of the examples of
the differences between Indonesian and English could be found in terms of syntax in relative clauses.
Catford 1965 stated that shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from source language to the target
language. Shifts can occur in relative clause, i.e. He asked one who passed ditanyai seseorang yang kebetulan lewat. The source language has the
constituent of relative pronoun who as subject, and verb passed. Meanwhile, the target language has the constituents of relative pronoun yang as subject,
adverb kebetulanand verb lewat. This study is important to be conducted to figure out the types of relative
clauses that are found in the novel The Good Earth and its translation Bumi yang Subur.
This study also tried to find out the types of shifts of relative clauses occuring in the translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur. Shift is
interesting to be discussed in order to know that shifts sometimes occur in the translation process of relative clauses from English into Indonesian.
1.2 Problems of the study
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