3.
The person whom he met.
Quirk 1985
c. Restrictive Relative Clause as Prepositional Complement
In formal English, the preposition can be placed before the relative pronoun which must then be put into the form of whomwhich. Quirk 1985
stated that with a personal antecedent, the relative pronoun can show the disticntion between who and whom. It depends on the role as subject of the
relative clause, as object or as prepositional complement:
1. The person to whom he spoke. Quirk 1985 2. The person whom he spoke to. Quirk 1985
It can be seen from the sentence above that prepositions with and on are followed by the relative pronoun; they are combined to make a prepositional
object.
d. Restrictive Relative Clause for Possesive
Whose can be a possible form which is used with reference to a person or a
thing. The pronoun can be the possesive determiner of the noun phrase, the form is whose:
1. The woman whose daughter you met is Mrs Brown. Quirk 1985 2. The house whose roof was damaged has now been repaired.
Quirk 1985
2. Nonrestrictive Relative Clause
Non restrictive clauses give extra information on an antecedent. Additional information is also provided, but it is not identifying information. In writing,
commas, dashes, or pharenthese usually mark the non-restrictive relative clause. In speaking, it can be seen that non-restrictive clauses are usually marked by
pauses and change in intonation. It is stated that in nonrestrictive relative clauses, the most explicit forms of relative pronouns, for example, the wh-series, are
typically used. The relative pronoun can be in the forms of subject, object, complement or adverbial. Here are the examples of the different forms for
personal and nonpersonal antecedents:
a. Non-restrictive Relative Clause as Subject
The relative pronoun who is used for a person and which is used for a thing. The relative pronoun who is used for a person and which is used for a thing.
Quirk 1985 stated that the relative pronouns are subject, object, complement, or adverbial. In non-restrictive relative clause, we usually have a tone unit boundary,
accompanied by a pause. Non-restrictive relationship is usually marked off by commas. Here are the examples of non-restrictive relative clause as subject:
1. My brother, who has lived in America since boyhood, can still speak
fluent Italian. Quirk 1985
2. Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you. Quirk 1985 3. The tall girl, who is dentist, is Mary Smith.
Quirk 1985
b. Non-restrictive Relative Clause as Object
Quirk 1985 stated that in nonrestrictive relative clauses, the most explicit forms of relative pronouns can be used. Here is the example of non-restrictive
relative clause as object:
1. This excellent book, which Freda has only just received for review, was
published a year ago. Quirk 1985
2.3.2 Relative Clauses in Indonesian
The clause to which yang is added is called a relative clause. Sneddon 1996 stated that the head of the noun phrase corresponds to some component
within the relative clause. The noun phrase within which the relative clause occurs is called the embedding phrase. There are four types of Indonesian relative
clauses. Those are defining relative clause, topic-comment relative clauses, prepositional relative clauses and locative relative clauses.
1 Defining Relative Clauses
Sneddon 1996: 285 stated that a defining relative clause is one whose subject corresponds to the head noun. It is stated that in Indonesian, yang must
occur before a relative clause. For examples:
1. Mobil yang ditubruk itu rusak sama sekali. Sneddon 1996: 286 2. Orang yang berkumpul di depan pintu harus pindah. Sneddon 1996:
286
3. Celana yang dibelinya kemarin terlalu kecil. Sneddon 1996: 286
The subject is identical to the head of the embedding noun phrase. The head noun has the relationship with the verb. For examples:
1. Orang yang membangun rumah saya. Sneddon 1996: 286 2. Tanah yang sudah digarap. Sneddon 1996: 287
3. Dokter yang kami telpon segera datang. Sneddon 1996: 287 2 Topic Comment Relative Clauses
Topic comment relative clauses are divided into possessor topic- comment relative clauses meaning ‘whose’ and object topic-comment relative clauses.
Sneddon 1985 stated that in the possessor topic-comment relative clause, which is translated into ‘whose’ in English, the subject of the relative clause is
the thing possessed by the head noun. For examples:
1. Orang yang mobilnya dicuri. Sneddon 1996:289 2. The person whose car was stolen. Sneddon 1996:289
3. Gadis yang kamu kagumi kelembutannya itu. Sneddon 1996:289 4. The girl whose gentleness was admired. Sneddon
1996:289 In the object relative clause, the head of the embedding phrase is identical
to the object of the relative clause. For examples:
5. Sebuah lagu yang barangkali saudara akan menyukainya Sneddon
1996:289
3 Prepositional Relative Clauses
Sneddon 1996: 289 stated that the head of the embedding phrase is not identical to the subject or topic of the relative clause. It can be seen from the
examples below that a noun phrase whose head is rumah ‘house’.
1. Rumah yang di belakangnya ada pohon mangga. Sneddon 1996: 290 2. The house behind which there is a mango tree. Sneddon 1996: 290
3. Sebuah grup vokal yang di dalamnya Rima juga ikut Sneddon 1996 4. A vocal goup in which Rima also participates. Sneddon 1996: 290
Preposition can occur at the beginning of the relative clause, immediately after yang. For examples:
1. Meja yang di atasnya tersedia makanan. Sneddon 1996: 290 2. The table on which food is set. Sneddon 1996: 290
3. Orang yang kepadanya saya mengirimkan surat. Sneddon 1996: 290 4. The person I sent a letter to. Sneddon 1996: 290
4 Locative Relative Clauses
Locative relative clauses differ from other relative clauses in that they are
not preceded by yang. For examples: 1. Pabrik tempat mereka bekerja tidak jauh dari sini. Sneddon 1996: 291
It is usually replaced by di mana in the present-day language:
2. Pabrik di mana mereka bekerja. Sneddon 1996: 291
The constructions with dari mana from where, from which and dalam mana
which are becoming more common in journalistic style:
3. Pangkalan dari mana roket itu dilepaskan. Sneddon 1996: 291 2.3.3
Translation Shift
Catford 1965 stated that shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the process from the SL into the TL. the translation shift is
made to get the natural equivalent of the source text message into the target text 1965: 76. Catford 1965 divides the shift in translation into two major types,
levelrank shift and category shift. Levelrank shift refers to a source language
item at one linguistic level that has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. In other words, it is simply a shift from grammar to lexis. Category
shift can be said as the departure from formal correspondence in translation. What is meant by formal correspondence is any grammatical category in the target
language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of the target language as the given source language category in the source language system.
Catford 1965 considers two kinds of shift: 1 Shift of level and 2 shift of category.
1. Level Shifts
When a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level, it is called shift of level. Catford 1965
stated that cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages. Levelrank shift can refer to a source language item at one
linguistic level which has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. For example:
Source Language Target Language
My father is reading a newspaper Ayah saya sedang membaca koran
From the examples above, it can be seen that a shift occurs from grammar to lexis in which the pattern be + V-ing grammar in the source language text is
translated into the lexical item sedang in the target language.
2. Category Shifts
Category shift can be said as the departure from formal correspondence in translation. What is meant by formal correspondence is any grammatical category
in the target language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of the target language as the given source language category in the source
language system. The category shift is divided again into structure shifts, class shifts, unit shift,
and intra-system shifts. Structure shift is the changing of words sequence in a sentence.
a. Structure Shifts The structure shift usually entails class-shifts. Structure shifts occur in
phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation. Structure shifts can occur at all ranks. Structure shifts are found at other ranks, for example,
at group rank. Catford 1965 stated that in translation between English and French, for instance, there is often a shift from MH modifier+head to M HQ
modifier+ head + qualifier. For example: Source Language
Target Language Great House
Rumah besar
Great house in the source language has the constituents of modifier great
+ head house. Meanwhile, in the target language it becomes rumah besar which is constructed of head rumah + modifier besar.
b. Class Shifts Halliday stated that a class as that grouping of members of a given unit
which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above. Class-shift can occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different
class from the original item. c. Intra-System Shifts
Intra-system shift refers to the shift that occurs internally within the system; that is, for the cases where the source language and the target language
possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target
language system. Intra-system shift can occur when a term is singular in the source language and its textual equivalent is plural. For example:
Source Language Target Language
Pens Pulpen
The word pens in the source language is a plural form. It was translated into pulpen in the target language in a singular form.
d. Unit Shifts Unit shift is the change in rank; that is, the departure from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Unit shifts
include shifts from morpheme to word, word to phrase, clause to sentence, and vice versa. For example: a phrase shifts to a word
Source Language Target Language
The school Sekolah
It can be seen from the text above that the phrase the school is translated into the word sekolah. There is a unit shift occuring in the translation above which
is in lower rank.
2.4 Research Model English Relative Clause Found In
The Good Earth And Its Translation Into
Bumi Yang Subur
English Relative Clause Indonesian Relative Clause
Problem 1: What types of relative clauses are found in the novel The
Good Earth and its translation?
Problem 2: What types of shifts of relative clauses occur in the
translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur
?
Data Analysis
Findings 1. English Relative Clause by
Quirk 1985 2. Indonesian Relative Clause
by Sneddon 1996
3. Translation Shift proposed by Catford 1965
Qualitative Approach Method
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach
This study used the qualitative approach to the data found in the novel The Good Earth
and its translation Bumi yang Subur. The analysis started with the types of relative clauses found in the novel. It used the theory of the types of
relative clauses proposed by Quirk 1985 and Sneddon 1996. It was continued to analyze the types of shifts occuring in translating the English relative clauses
into Indonesan. This part used the theory of translations shift proposed by Catford 1965.
3.2 Research Location
The research is conducted as long as the place supports the main facilities needed such as books, computers and pens. In order to get some data of relative
clauses, the research was done in a library. Many references and sources of information could be found in the library. There were many previous studies on
relative clauses that could be obtained in the library. The library is essential for collecting data on relative clauses.
3.3 Data Source
The data source is the novel “The Good Earth” written by Pearl S. Buck. It was published by Pearl S. Buck, in September 2008 in England.
The story is about Wang Lung’s family who was very poor. The House of Hwang, a family of wealthy landowners, lived in the nearby town, where
Wang Lungs future wife, O-Lan, lived as a slave. Wang Lung and his 29
