Catford 1965 considers two kinds of shift: 1 Shift of level and 2 shift of category.
1. Level Shifts
When a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level, it is called shift of level. Catford 1965
stated that cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages. Levelrank shift can refer to a source language item at one
linguistic level which has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. For example:
Source Language Target Language
My father is reading a newspaper Ayah saya sedang membaca koran
From the examples above, it can be seen that a shift occurs from grammar to lexis in which the pattern be + V-ing grammar in the source language text is
translated into the lexical item sedang in the target language.
2. Category Shifts
Category shift can be said as the departure from formal correspondence in translation. What is meant by formal correspondence is any grammatical category
in the target language which can be said to occupy the same position in the system of the target language as the given source language category in the source
language system. The category shift is divided again into structure shifts, class shifts, unit shift,
and intra-system shifts. Structure shift is the changing of words sequence in a sentence.
a. Structure Shifts The structure shift usually entails class-shifts. Structure shifts occur in
phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation. Structure shifts can occur at all ranks. Structure shifts are found at other ranks, for example,
at group rank. Catford 1965 stated that in translation between English and French, for instance, there is often a shift from MH modifier+head to M HQ
modifier+ head + qualifier. For example: Source Language
Target Language Great House
Rumah besar
Great house in the source language has the constituents of modifier great
+ head house. Meanwhile, in the target language it becomes rumah besar which is constructed of head rumah + modifier besar.
b. Class Shifts Halliday stated that a class as that grouping of members of a given unit
which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above. Class-shift can occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different
class from the original item. c. Intra-System Shifts
Intra-system shift refers to the shift that occurs internally within the system; that is, for the cases where the source language and the target language
possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target
language system. Intra-system shift can occur when a term is singular in the source language and its textual equivalent is plural. For example:
Source Language Target Language
Pens Pulpen
The word pens in the source language is a plural form. It was translated into pulpen in the target language in a singular form.
d. Unit Shifts Unit shift is the change in rank; that is, the departure from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the source language is a unit at a different rank in the target language. Unit shifts
include shifts from morpheme to word, word to phrase, clause to sentence, and vice versa. For example: a phrase shifts to a word
Source Language Target Language
The school Sekolah
It can be seen from the text above that the phrase the school is translated into the word sekolah. There is a unit shift occuring in the translation above which
is in lower rank.
2.4 Research Model English Relative Clause Found In
Kategori