Level Shift Types of Shifts of Relative Clauses Occuring in the Translation of the Good Earth

perfect had + past participle set. Meanwhile, the passive verb diletakkan is formed by the prefix –di and suffix –kan. In the data above, the chair is translated into the word tandu in Indonesian Language. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, chair means moveable seat with a back, for one person. This definition proves that the word chair itself is different from the word tandu. The word tandu itself, if we translate back into English it would mean sedan. It losses the meaning of the word tandu in the source language.

4.2.2 Level Shift

When a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level, it is called shift of level. Catford 1965 stated that the cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages. Here are some data of level shift of relative clauses occuring in the translation of The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur. 4-18 SL: The old man who had not understood what was happening pg. 127 TL: Kakek tua yang tak tahu apa yang sedang berlangsung pg. 367 SL: NP Det N’ adj N RC S NP VP Rel.pro perfect V NP S The old man who had not known what was happening TL: NP N AP A RC S NP VP Rel.pro V NP S Kakek tua yang tak tahu apa yang sedang berlangsung It can be seen from the tree diagram above that the relative clause in the source language consists of determiner the, adjective old, head man as a noun, post modifiers who had not understood as a relative clause, and a clause what was happening. Meanwhile, the relative clause in the target language is made up of head kakek as a noun, adjective tua, post modifiers yang tak tahu as a relative clause, and a clause apa yang sedang berlangsung. There is a shift occuring in the translation. It can be identified from both relative clauses. Based on the theory proposed by Catford 1965, this type of shift occuring in the translation is called level shift. The grammatical unit what was happening in the source language is translated into the lexical units apa yang sedang berlangsung in the target language. 4-19 SL: It was a man who had passed beyond the necessity pg. 104 TL: Lotus lebih menyerupai laki-laki yang telah melewati kewajibannya pg.296 SL: NP Det N RC S NP VP Rel.pro perfect V PP A man who had passed beyond the necessity TL: NP N RC S NP aux VP Rel.pro V NP N Laki-laki yang telah melewati kewajibannya It can be seen that the relative clause in the source language has the constituents of determiner a, head man as a noun, post modifiers who had passed as a relative clause and beyond the necessity as a prepositional phrase. It can be seen in the data that it was a man who had passed beyond the necessity can be separated into two simple sentences as follows: 1. It was a man 2. A man had passed beyond the necessity When the first and second simple sentence are combined a man in the second simple sentence is replaced by the relative pronoun who. Who functions as the subject of the verb had passed. Meanwhile, the relative clause in the target language has the constituents of the head laki-laki as a noun, post modifiers yang telah melewati as a relative clause and kewajibannya as a noun. As we can see in the data, Lotus lebih menyerupai laki-laki yang telah melewati kewajibannya can be separated into two sentences as follows: 1. Lotus lebih menyerupai laki-laki 2. Laki-laki telah melewati kewajibannya Level shift can be identified from the occurance of relative clause in the source language and target language. The English relative clause consists of relative pronoun who, and the auxiliary had + past participle passed. The tense used is the past perfetct tense with the auxiliary had followed by the past participle passed. It is translated into telah melewati in the target language. Shifts occurs in the translation from source language into target language. Based on the theory proposed by Catford 1965, the type of shift occuring in the translation is called level shift which is a change in grammatical unit “had passed” in the source language to lexical units “ telah melewati” in the target language. 4-20 SL: It was Wang Lung’s eldest son who had done this to them pg. 148 TL: Orang yang telah berbuat begitu kepada mereka pg.430 SL: NP Poss AP N A RC S NP VP Rel.pro perfect V NP PP N Wang Lung’s eldest son who had done this to them TL: NP N RC S NP aux VP Rel.pro V NP PP N Orang yang telah berbuat begitu kepada mereka The English relative clause takes the position as the subject and it can be proven by separating it into two simple sentences as follows: 1. It was Wang Lung’s eldest son 2. He had done this to them He that refers to Wang Lung’s eldest son is the subject of the verb had done. When the first and the second simple sentence are combined, he in the second sentence is replaced by the relative pronoun who. The English relative clause in the source language has the constituents of possesive wang lung’s , adjective eldest, head son as a noun, post modifier who had done this as a relative clause. Meanwhile, the relative clause in the target language is made up of a head orang as a noun, yang telah berbuat as a relative clause, begitu as noun and kepada mereka as a prepositional phrase. There is a shift from the occurance of the relative clause in the source language and target language. The English relative clause consists of the relative pronoun who, and the auxiliary had + past participle done. The tense used is the past perfect tense with the auxiliary had followed by the past participle done. It is translated into telah berbuat in the target language. Catford 1965 stated that the type of shift occuring in the translation is called level shift. It can be seen that there is a change in grammatical unit had done in the source language to lexical units telah berbuat in the target language.

4.2.3 Unit Shift