Structure Shift Types of Shifts of Relative Clauses Occuring in the Translation of the Good Earth

4.2 Types of Shifts of Relative Clauses Occuring in the Translation of the Good Earth

Shifts occur when English relative clauses are translated into different grammatical or phonological forms in the target language. Shifts occur in most of the translations of English relative clauses into Indonesian. The types of shift found in the data source were structure shift, level shift and unit shift. Here are the explanation of shifts which occur in the translation of English relative clauses into Indonesian.

4.2.1 Structure Shift

Structure shift is the change in grammatical position of source language in its translation in the target language. Here are some data of structure shifts of relative clauses which occur in the translation from The Good Earth into Bumi yang Subur . 4-11 SL: Wang Lung set himself to the seeking of a maid who might be his son’s wife .pg.105 TL: Wang Lung mengusahakan untuk mencari gadis yang akan dijodohkan dengan putranya .pg.299 SL: NP Det N RC S NP aux VP Rel.pro V NP A maid who might be his son’s wife TL: NP N RC S NP aux VP Rel.pro V PP Gadis yang akan dijodohkan dengan putranya The relative pronoun who within the restrictive relative clause who might be his son’s wife functions as the subject. Wang Lung set himself to the seeking of a maid who might be his son’s wife can be separated into two simple sentences as follows: 1. Wang Lung set himself to the seeking of a maid 2. A maid might be his son’s wife When the first and second simple sentence are combined, a maid which is subject of the second simple sentences is replaced by the relative pronoun who that has a role as a subordinator to join two the simple sentences. The relative clause in the source language has the constituents of noun phrase a maid, post modifiers who might be as a relative clause and his son’s wife as a noun phrase. The Indonesian relative clause in data 4-11 can be separated into two simple sentences as follows: 1. Wang Lung mengusahakan untuk mencari gadis 2. Gadis itu akan dijodohkan dengan putranya When the first and the second simple sentence are combined, the subject gadis itu in the second simple sentence is replaced by yang. The Indonesian relative clause in data 4-11 has the constituents of noun gadis and post modifiers yang akan dijodohkan as a relative clause and dengan putranya as a prepositional phrase. The verb in the source language is transferred into the verb in the target language but there is a shift in the structure, which changes the active verb into passive verb. The verb might be is translated into akan dijodohkan. The verb dijodohkan is formed using the prefix –di and the suffix –kan to make the passive verb in Indonesian. The structure shift occurs in this data, since the verb akan dijodohkan in the passive form is more appropriate to transfer the meaning might be. It can be seen from the source language a maid who might be his son’s wife as an active construction in the SL S V C Which is translated into the passive clause in the target language, that is, gadis yang akan dijodohkan dengan putranya. It can be concluded that the active S V C form is translated into the passive form. 4-12 SL: He added a fourth piece which he had kept pg. 17 TL: Diletakkan keping keempat yang telah lama disimpan pg. 48 SL: NP Det N N RC Rel.pro S NP VP Pro perfect V NP Ø A fourth piece which he had kept TL: NP N N’ RC S NP VP Rel.pro Keping keempat yang telah lama disimpan As we can see that the relative pronoun which is followed by the grammatical subject he. The relative pronoun which within the restrictive relative clause which he had kept functions as the object. In the data above, the relative pronoun which is used but it can be left out altogether zero relative pronoun. We could write the clause with the relative pronoun which but we do not have to. We could include the relative pronoun which in the cluse, but the sentence makes perfect sense without it. A zero relative pronoun is the missing element at the beginning of the relative clause in which the relative pronoun has been omitted. The English relative clause in data 4-12 can be separated into two simple sentences as follows: 1. He added a fourth piece 2. He had kept it It in the second simple sentence refers to a fourth piece and functions as the object of the verb had kept. It can be seen from the structure above that the constituents of the relative clause in the source language can be categorized as determiner a, noun fourth, head piece as a noun, post modifiers which he had kept as a relative clause. Meanwhile, the relative clause in the target language has the constituents of head keping as a noun, noun keempat and post modifiers yang telah lama disimpan as a relative clause. Diletakkan keping keempat yang telah lama disimpan can be separated into two simple sentence as follows: 1. Diletakkan keping keempat 2. Keping keempat telah lama disimpan When the first and second simple sentence are combined, keping keempat in the second simple sentence is replaced by yang. The verb in SL is transfered into verb in TL but there is a shift in the structure, which changes the active form into the passive form. The verb construction had kept is translated into the verb telah lama disimpan. The active verb had kept is formed by the perfect had + past participle kept. Meanwhile, the passive verb disimpan is formed using the prefix –di to make the passive verb in Indonesian.The structure shift occurs in this data, since the verb disimpan in the passive form is more appropriate to transfer the meaning had kept. It can be seen in the source Language from the structure a fourth piece which he had kept. The tense S V used in the English relative clause is the past perfect tense in active form in which the perfect had is followed by the verb in the past participle. But, the active clause in the source language is translated into the passive clause in the target language, that is, keping keempat yang telah lama disimpan. It S perfect ADV V can be concluded that the active form is translated into the passive form without changing the meaning. Therefore, there is a structure shift from the active verb had kept into the passive verb telah lama disimpan. 4-13 SL: Hidden in his hearth was rich rice land which he had bought from the great house pg.59 TL: Jauh di lubuk hati, tersembunyi pengetahuan khusus mengenai sawah subur yang dibelinya dari rumah besar pg. 162 SL: NP Adj. N’ N RC Rel.pro S NP VP Pro perfect V NP PP O Rich rice land which he had bought from the great house TL: NP N Adj RC S NP VP Rel.pro V PP Sawah subur yang dibelinya dari rumah besar As we can see, that relative pronoun which is followed by the grammatical subject he. In the data above, the relative clause which we had bought from the great house modifies the head of the embedding phrase rich rice land. We could write the clause with the relative pronoun which, but we do not have to. We could include the relative pronoun which in the clause but the sentence makes perfect sense without it. As we can see in the data above that the zero relative pronoun can serve as the object of the verb had bought. Hidden in his hearth was rich rice land which he had bought from the great house can be separated into two sentences as follows: 1. Hidden in his heart was rich rice land 2. He had bought it from the great house It in the second simple sentence refers to rich rice land. The relative pronoun which within the restrictive relative clause functions as the object of the verb had bought. It can be identified from the tree diagram that the relative clause has the constituents of adjective rich, rice as a noun, noun land, post modifiers which he had bought as the relative clause and from the great house as the prepositional phrase. Whereas its Indonesian translation, the Indonesian relative clause has the constituents of head sawah as a noun, adjective subur, post modifiers yang dibelinya as the relative clause and dari rumah besar as the prepositional phrase. Sebab jauh di lubuk hati, tersembunyi pengetahuan khusus mengenai sawah subur yang dibelinya dari rumah besar can be separated into two sentences as follows: 1. Sebab jauh di lubuk hati, tersembunyi pengetahuan khusus mengenai sawah subur 2. Sawah subur dibelinya dari rumah besar When the first and second sentence are combined sawah subur in the second sentence is replaced by yang. Translation shift occurs in the data above. It can be seen by comparing the tree diagram above. The verb of had bought in SL is transfered into the verb in TL but there is a shift in the structure, which changes the active form into passive. The structure shift occurs in this data, since the verb dibeli in the passive form is more appropriate to transfer the meaning of the verb had bought. The verb dibeli is formed using the prefix –di to make the passive verb in Indonesian. It can be concluded that the active voice is translated into passive without changing the meaning. Therefore, there is a structure shift of active into passive in the translation of the verb. The relative pronoun he in the source language is translated into nya in the target language. As a part of the relative clause, great house in the source language is translated into rumah besar in the target language. It can be seen from the translation of great house which is constructed from modifier adjective, great + head noun, house and is translated into head noun, rumah + modifier adjective, besar. There is a change in grammatical position by retaining the meaning of the source language in the target language. 4-14 SL: Warm blood which he remembered so well filled his nostrils pg.31 TL: Cuping hidungnya dapat langsung mencium bau darah segar yang sudah sangat dikenal pg. 85 SL: NP adj N RC Rel.pro S NP VP Pro V NP ADVP O ADV Warm blood which he remembered so well TL: NP N Adj. RC S NP aux VP Rel.pro adv V Darah segar yang sudah sangat dikenal As we can see from the tree diagram above, the relative pronoun which is followed by the grammatical subject he. In the data above, the relative pronoun which is used but it can be left out altogether zero relative pronoun. As we can see in the data above that the zero relative pronoun can serve as the object of the verb remembered. In the tree diagram a zero relative is in the object position . The English relative clause warm blood which he remembered so well filled his nostrils can be separated into two simple sentences as follows: 1. Warm blood filled his nostrils 2. He remembered it so well It in the second simple sentence which refers to his nostrils is the object of the verb remembered. It can be seen from the tree diagram above that the relative clause in the source language is constructed from adjective warm, head blood as a noun, post modifiers which he remembered as a relative clause, and adverb so well. The Indonesian relative clause in data 4-14 can be separated into two simple sentences as follows: 1. Cuping hidungnya dapat langsung mencium darah segar 2. Darah segar sudah sangat dikenal When the first and second simple sentence are combined, darah segar in the second simple sentence is replaced by yang. Darah segar is the head of the embedding phrase. The relative clause in the target language is constructed from as a noun darah, adjective segar, and post modifiers yang sudah sangat dikenal as a relative clause. It can be seen from the tree diagram above that the verb construction remembered is translated into the verb dikenal. The verb dikenal is formed by the prefix –di to make it passive. The word remembered in the source language is translated into dikenal. The word remembered has no direct equivalent in Indonesian Language. According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, remember means have or keep an image in your memory. Meanwhile, the word dikenal means to be known. Therefore, from the explanation above, it can be concluded that the word remember and the word dikenal have different meanings. In Indonesian language, the word remember is equivalent to mengingat. The structure shift occurs in this data, since the verb dikenal in the passive form is more appropriate to transfer the meaning remembered. It can be seen from the source language structure warm blood which he remembered so well. The tense used in the English relative S V ADV clause is the past in active form. But, the active clause in the source language is translated into the passive clause in the target language, that is, darah segar yang sudah sangat dikenal. It can be concluded that S ADV V active form is translated into the passive form without changing the meaning. Therefore, there is a structure shift from the active verb into the passive verb in the translation . In the example above, the word warm is translated into the word segar in Indonesian Language. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, warm means fairly hot and between cool and hot. This definition proves that the word warm itself is different from the word segar. The word segar itself, if we translate back into English it means fresh. It losses the meaning of the word warm in the SL. 4-15 SL: She is older than some who go to their husband’s houses pg.56 TL: Dia lebih tua dari anak gadis lainnya dan sudah waktunya dikawinkan pg.82 SL: NP N RC S NP VP Rel.pro V PP Some who go to their husband’s houses TL: VP perfect adv V Sudah waktunya dikawinkan The relative clause in the source language is not translated into the relative clause in the target language. The relative clause in the source language has the constituents of head some as a noun, post modifier who go as a relative clause, and prepositional phrase to their husband’s houses. Meanwhile, the adverb phrase in the target language has the constituents of perfect sudah, adverb waktunya, and verb dikawinkan. Translation shift occurs in this example in which the structure shifts occurs when a term is active form in the source text and its textual equivalent is passive. Structural shift can be stated as the change in grammatical position of the source language in its translation in the target language. The verb go is translated into the passive verb dikawinkan. Passivization in Indonesian can be done using the verb to which the prefix di- and suffix kan- are added. The verb dikawinkan is stated as passive form as it is formed by the prefix di- and suffix kan-. It can be seen from the data above that the verb go is translated into the verb dikawinkan. According to Oxford’s Learner Dictionary, go actually means move from one place to another. Meanwhile, the verb dikawinkan means to be married. Therefore, from the explanation above, it can be concluded that the verb go and the verb dikawinkan have different meanings. SL: 4-16 There was even a pork which he had bought from his neighbor pg. 21 TL: Bahkan sesekali bergelantungan babi yang dibeli dari tetangganya pg. 58 SL: NP det N RC Rel.pro S NP VP Pro perfect V NP PP O A pork which he had bought from his neighbor TL: NP N RC S NP VP Rel.pro V PP Babi yang dibeli dari tetangganya As we can see that the relative pronoun which is followed by the grammatical subject he. The relative clause which he had bought from his neighbor Ching describes the preceding noun a pork. The head of the embedding phrase a pork functions as the object of the verb had bought. In the data above, the relative pronoun which is used but it can be left out altogether zero relative pronoun. As we can see in the data above that zero relative pronoun can serve as the object of the verb had bought. In the tree diagram, the zero relative is in object position . In the data above, the relative clause that takes position as the object can be separated as follows: 1. There was even a pork 2. He had bought it from his neighbor Ching It in the second simple sentence functions as the object of the verb had bought. It refers to the object a pork. It can be seen from the tree diagram above that the relative clause in the source language has the constituent of determiner a, head pork as a noun, post modifiers which he had bought as a relative clause and from his neighbor as a prepositional phrase. Meanwhile, the relative clause in the target language has the constituents of head babi as a noun, post modifiers yang dibeli as a relative clause and dari tetangganya as a prepositional phrase. Bahkan sesekali bergelantungan babi yang dibeli dari tetangganya can be separated into two sentences as follows: 1. Bahkan sesekali bergelantungan babi 2. Babi dibeli dari tetangganya It can be seen that translation shift occurs in the data above, in which the structure shift occurs when a term is an active form in the source text and its translation is in passive form. Catford 1965 stated that structural shift is the change in grammatical position of the source language in its translation in the target language. It can be seen in the source language that a pork which he had bought from his neighbor is translated into passive form babi yang dibeli dari tetangganya. The tense used in in the relative clause in the source language is active form as it can be identified from the auxiliary had and verb bought in the past participle, and those are translated into Indonesian using the prefix di- to make the passive verb in Indonesian, dibeli. Passivization in Indonesian can be done using the verb to which the prefix –di is added. 4-17 SL: She went to the chair which the men had set pg. 95 TL: Perempuan itu menghampiri tandu, yang sudah diletakkan pg. 270 SL: NP det N RC Rel.pro S NP VP Det N perfect V NP O The chair which the men had set TL: NP N RC S NP VP Rel.pro adv perfect V Tandu yang kini sudah diletakkan As we can see, the relative pronoun which is followed by the grammatical subject the men. In the data above, the relative pronoun which is used but it can be left out altogether zero relative pronoun. As we can see in the data above that the zero relative pronoun can serve as the object of the verb had set. In the tree diagram the zero relative is in the object position . The English relative clause that takes the position as the object can be proven by the separating it into two simple sentences as follows: 1. She went to the chair 2. The men had set it. It in the second simple sentence refers to the chair in the first sentence and functions as the object of the verb had set. It can be seen from the tree diagram above that the relative clause in the source language can be categorized as determiner the, head chair as a noun, post modifiers which the men had set as a relative clause. Meanwhile the relative clause in the target language can be categorized as tandu as a noun, and post modifiers yang sudah diletakkan as a relative clause.The Indonesian relative clause perempuan itu menghampiri tandu yang sudah diletakkan can be separated into two sentences as follows: 1. Perempuan itu menghampiri tandu 2. Tandu sudah diletakkan When the first and the second simple sentence are combined, tandu as the subject of the verb sudah diletakkan is replaced by yang. The translation shift occurs in the data above, in which the structure shift occurs when a term is active form in the source text and its textual equivalent is passive. Structural shift can be stated as the change in grammatical position of the source language in its translation in the target language. The active clause in the source language is translated into the passive clause tandu yang kini sudah diletakkan. The active verb had set is translated into diletakkan. The active verb had set is formed by the perfect had + past participle set. Meanwhile, the passive verb diletakkan is formed by the prefix –di and suffix –kan. In the data above, the chair is translated into the word tandu in Indonesian Language. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, chair means moveable seat with a back, for one person. This definition proves that the word chair itself is different from the word tandu. The word tandu itself, if we translate back into English it would mean sedan. It losses the meaning of the word tandu in the source language.

4.2.2 Level Shift