proposed by Quirk 1985, Indonesian Relative Clause proposed by Sneddon 1996, and translation shift proposed by Catford 1965.
2.3.1 English Relative Clause
There are two types of relative clauses in English; they are: restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause.
1. Restrictive Relative Clause
Restrictive relative clause is described as a clause describing the preceding noun in such a way that it can be distinguished from noun of the same class.
When we indicate a parenthesized relative pronoun, it can be said that there is the option between that relative and ‘zero’. It can be seen from the S, O,C, A in the
survey below that the relative pronoun functions as a subject, object, complement, and adverbial in the relative clause with personal and nonpersonal
antecedents. The relative pronoun can function as subject, object, complement, or adverbial including the role as prepositional complement or it can be a
constituent of an element in the relative clause, for example, as a determiner. Presupposed information is used in the restrictive relative clause to identify the
referent of a noun phrase. It is stated that with a personal antecedent, the relative pronoun can show the distinction between who and whom, and it depends on its
role as the subject of the relative clause, or as object, or it can be as prepositional complement:
a. Restrictive Relative Clause as Subject
The relative ponoun who is favoured, irrespective of the style and the occasion. Who and which can be used to refer to antecendents. Who is for a
person and which is for a thing. The examples of relatives are that, who, and which.
It can be seen that the use of that or a wh-item would be regarded as more acceptable.
There are some good reasons to distinguish thatwhich – clauses from adnominal clauses. An alternative to a postmodifying copular relative clause with
an adjective as complement is pre- or postposition of the adjective. The relative pronoun as subject is usually that, and, as object when the antecedent is modified
by a superlative
1. They eat the finest that is available. Quirk 1985 2. This is something that will disturb me anyway. Quirk 1985
b.Restrictive Relative Clause as Object of Verb
Whom and which can be used as the form of direct object but this is
considered very formal or rarely used in colloquial speech. It was described that grammatical objects are more likely to be personal noun or to carry nonpersonal
implication. Quirk 1985: 1252 stated that another factor influencing the selection of the pronoun that is the object found in the relative clause. Clauses can
intervene between the antecedent head and relative pronoun which are generally preferable to that and very much preferable to zero. It can be seen that
grammatical objects are more likely to be nonpersonal or to carry nonpersonal implication. There are some factors influencing the selection of a pronoun, one of
which is object. For examples:
1. They are delighted with the person that we have appointed.
Quirk 1985 2.
They are delighted with the book which she has written.
Quirk 1985
3.
The person whom he met.
Quirk 1985
c. Restrictive Relative Clause as Prepositional Complement
In formal English, the preposition can be placed before the relative pronoun which must then be put into the form of whomwhich. Quirk 1985
stated that with a personal antecedent, the relative pronoun can show the disticntion between who and whom. It depends on the role as subject of the
relative clause, as object or as prepositional complement:
1. The person to whom he spoke. Quirk 1985 2. The person whom he spoke to. Quirk 1985
It can be seen from the sentence above that prepositions with and on are followed by the relative pronoun; they are combined to make a prepositional
object.
d. Restrictive Relative Clause for Possesive
