A concept is a generalization from experience or the result of a transformation of existing ideas. The concepts in this study are proposed by the
experts in the field of relative clause and translation shift. Concepts of clause and relative clauses are presented in the following.
2.2.1 Clause
Clause is stated as a group of words having its own subject and predicate as illustrated by Sandy told me that you are very diligent. This sentence consists of
two clauses; they are Sandy told me and you are very diligent. A complex sentence is a sentence which has more than one clause. There is a certain relation
which makes the two clauses have a complex sense. A complex sentence is formed by the main clause and subordinate clause. It can be seen from the
example above that Sandy told me is stated as the main clause. A subordinate clause is stated as a part of the main clause. Quirk 1985:1047 stated that relative
clauses have potential functions; they are Nominal Clause, Adverbial Clause, Relative Clause, and Comparative Clause.
2.2.2 Complex Sentence
Complex sentence can be said as a simple sentence that consists of only one main clause. It has one or more subordinate clauses functioning as an element of
the sentence. Subordination can be stated as an asymmetrical relation: the sentence and its subordinate clauses are in hypotactic relationship. They form a
hierarchy in which subordinate clause is a constituent of the sentence as a whole. According to Quirk 1985, subordination is not the only factor that enters into
either the length or the complexity of sentences, when ‘complexity’ is understood
in a nontechnical sense. Phrases can be complex in the degree of their modification; the vocabulary can be obscure, because of their compresions,
nominalizations can be more difficult to understand then corresponding subordinate clauses.
2.2.3 Relative Clause
A relative clause can be found after a noun phrase. It usually provides some information related to the person or thing indicated by that noun phrase. The
connection between the noun phrase in the main clause is in the main clause, and it is known as the antecedent and the relative pronoun e.g: that in the relative
clause. Restrictive relative clauses are closely connected to the antecedent or head and it can denote a limitation to the reference of the antecedent. For example:
1. This is something that will disturb me anyway. Quirk 1985
Nonrestrictive clauses usually give extra information and do not further define, the antecedent. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, for example:
2. The clothes which I ordered last week have arrived. Quirk 1985
It can be seen from the sentence above that the relative pronoun which
introduces the relative clause which I ordered last week. It is stated that relative
pronoun differs from the personal pronoun in which the sentence which contains the relative pronoun is placed at the beginning of the clause, whether it is subject,
complement, adverbial, postmodifier, prepositional complement, or object Quirk 1985: 365.
In general, relative pronouns are divided into two categories: a. wh- pronoun: who, whom, whose, which
b. that and Zero o clause provides information needed to make the antecedent definete.
2.2.4 Translation
Catford 1978 stated that: The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of
Comparative Linguistics. From the point of view of translation theory the distinction between synchronic and diachronic comparison is irrelevant.
2.2.5 Tree Diagram
