2.3 Types of Translation A translator translates a text from one language into another language so
that the meaning is correspondent. There are several types of translation exists, which type of translation is chosen depends upon some factors such as how close
the words of the source and target language are the nature of the message, the purpose of the translation, the difference of textual material, skill of the translator
and also the target community of the translation or the type of reader. In general, translation can be divided into two types, literal translation and
free translation. Types of translation may also base on the definition used. For instance, Larson 1984:15 divides translation into meaning based translation and
form based translation. Moreover, Newmark 1988:45 divides translation into eight; they are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation,
semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation. Furthermore, the brief description of these types of
translation will be discussed below:
a. Literal Translation
Literal translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are
again translated singly Newmark 1988:45. It means that the literal translation is a type of translation that follows the form or grammar of the source language but
it is normalized according to the rules of the target language.
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For example:
English SL
Bahasa Indonesia TL His heart is in the right place.
‘Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar’.
If it is analyzed, the translation of target language is compatible with the English grammar. TL follows the form of SL.
b. Free Translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original Newmark 1988:45. It means that the linguistic
structure of the source language is ignored, and an equivalent is found based upon the meaning it conveys.
For example: English SL
Bahasa Indonesia TL His heart is in the right place.
‘Dia baik hati’. This free translation is often not to find equivalence of word or sentence.
A translator has to be able to catch meaning in SL, such as the example above.
c. Word – for – Word Translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language immediately below the source language words. The SL word order is
preserved and the words translated singly Newmark 1988:45. It means that each word or morpheme in source language is translated by a word or morpheme in the
target language by their most common meanings.
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For example:
English SL Bahasa Indonesia TL
His heart is in the right place. ‘Kepunyaannya hati adalah dalam
itu benar tempat’. Each word in the sentence is translated singly.
d. Meaning Based Translation
Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the target language
Larson1984:15. Such translation also called idiomatic translation. For
example: English SL
Bahasa Indonesia TL Be
my guest.
‘Silahkan’. Meaning based translation reproduces the message of the original but
tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring idioms where these do not exist in the original like the example above be my guest translated becomes silahkan.
This translated emphasizes for meaning with ignore the form of source language.
e. Form Based Translation
