neutral third or functional terms but no by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and
semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the
original. For
example: English SL
Bahasa Indonesia TL He is a book-worm. ‘Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca’.
This translation is easy to understand though no culture equivalent but using the same idiom in TL.
h. Adaptation
This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the
TL culture and text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produces many poor adaptations, bur other adaptation have rescued period plays Newmark
1988:46. Besides for plays and poetry, adaptation is used to cultural utterance in different concept between SL and TL.
For example in formal letter: English SL
Bahasa Indonesia TL Dear
Sir, ‘Dengan Hormat’,
Dear Sir is translated into Bahasa Indonesia becomes dengan hormat. By using adaptation, it is not translated becomes Tuan yang terhormat.
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i. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily
acceptable and comprehensible to the readership Newmark 1988:46. For
example: English SL
Bahasa Indonesia TL Beware of the dog.
‘Awas anjing galak’. SL sentence clearly shows that a dog is vicious without using the vicious
word so that TL has been equivalence with the SL.
2.4 The Process of Translation Process of translation cannot be away from discussing meaning. Meaning
will reflect the message in the text. There are linguist who have different perceptions about translation process. The following are some opinions about
translation process. Newmark 1988:19 says, “Translating process is operational”. It begins
with choosing the method of approach. Secondly, when we are translating, we translate four levels more or less consciously in mind:
a. The SL text level, the level of language, where we begin and which we
continually but not continuously go back to b.
The referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imaginary, which we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which is an
essential part, first of the comprehension, then of the reproduction process
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c. The cohesive level, which more general and grammatical that traces the
train of thought, the feeling tone positive or negative and the various presuppositions of the SL text. This level encompasses both
comprehension and reproduction, it presents an overall picture, to which we may have to adjust the language level
d. The level of naturalness, of common langauge appropriate to the writer or
the speaker in a which the translator works, unless he is translating an authoritative text, in which case he sees the level of naturalness as a point
of reference to determine the deviation – if any – between the author’s level he is pursuing and the natural level. This level of naturalness is
concerned only with reproduction. Finally, there is the revision procedure, which may be concentrated or staggered
according to the situation. This procedure constitutes at least half of the complete process.
While Widyamartaya 1989:40 says, “There are seven steps of translation process; tuning, analysis, understanding, terminology, restructuring, checking and
discussion”. a.
Tuning, by this we mean getting the feel of the text to be translated. If the text is difficult or of the type which is not so familiar to the translator, he
may want to read some background literature or consult the author if available or some adviser.
b. Analysis, once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the
text to be translated, he will take each sentence in turn and split it up into translatable units.
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c. Understanding, after having split up the sentence to be translated into its
elements, the translator will generally put it together again in a form which he can understand or respond to emotionally. The extent to which he can
do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter. d.
Terminology, is to consider the key words and phrases in the sentence to make sure that apart from understanding than and feeling what they imply.
e. Restructuring, when all the bricks needed for the edifice of the TL text
have been gathered or made, the translator will fit them together in a form which is in accordance with good usage in the TL.
f. Checking, the translator will doubtless check his draft translation for
typing errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or more correct, translation.
g. Discussion, a good way to end the translation process is often with a
discussion between the translator and the expert of the subject matter.
Actually, from these processes of translation I can conclude that process of translation begins from reading the text. Then understanding the context of the
text, what does it mean that content in the text. After that, find the difficult word or the terminology from the text and get the meaning of it. At last, translate the
text carefully so that the readers can understand it easily.
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2.5 The Role of Culture in Translation Culture plays a great role in translation. Culture defined as the way of life
and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression, underlying the fact that every group has its
own characteristics Newmark 1988:94. The translation will be easier if the translator is supported by an adequate knowledge about the culture of both source
language and target language. If a translator does not have broad knowledge or concept about the linguistic systems and the cultural context of the SL, so heshe
will not be able to comprehend the text properly. A translator also has to pay attention to the meaning of words. Meaning is
what is referred to or indicated by sounds, words or signs Hornby 1995:726. In finding out the meaning of a word, we cannot see simply by the word itself, but
we have to see the cultural context of the language. For instances: the word rice in English means nasi in Bahasa Indonesia. In Indonesian cultural context, the word
rice has more than one meaning such as nasi, beras, padi, pulut. In addition, the word living together in sentence they have been living together for ten years has
the different meaning between Indonesian and English culture. In Indonesian living together means they have been living together with marriage tie, while in
English culture it may means they have been living together without marriage tie or without certain status.
The meaning of such words can clearly determine from the cultural context of the speech community. A translator must be aware of the translation
problems due to the cultural distance between the source and target language.
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2.6 The Concept of Equivalence in Translation Equivalence is a term used by many writers to describe the nature and the
extent of the relationships that exist between SL and TL text or smaller linguistic units Shuttleworth and Moira Cowie 1997:49. Moreover Catford 1965:21 in
Snell and Honrby 1988: 13 states, “The central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents; a central task of translation theory is
that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence”. It means that equivalence in translation is useful to balancing or to correspondence the two
texts between source language and target language. In addition, Jakobson in Munday 2004:36 says, “The translator recodes
and transmits a message received from another source, thus translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes”. For the message to be equivalent
in SL and TL, the code units will be different since they belong to two different sign systems or languages which partition reality differently. The problem of
meaning and equivalence thus focuses on differences in the structure and terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a
message that has been written in another verbal language. For example, the phrase to give a hand in English is translated in
Indonesian to become mengulurkan tangan. First translation to give a hand is memberikan tangan, but to make it equivalent in Indonesian it is translated to
become mengulurkan tangan.
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CHAPTER III A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MORPHEME
