Results and Discussion Dianita
137 Although their processing steps were relatively similar, some modifications
were done such as soaking raw soybean and boiling dehulled soybean. These modifications were designed for achieving good quality products,
which were determined by each producers and consumer’s need. Furthermore they could influence usage of energy for producing tempeh.
The modification led to usage of appropriate technology, which supported the processing steps by replacing human forces with some electrical
equipments and the labour served only as an operator. The replacement normally occured at medium and high scale industries, because the
producers had enough capital for providing the equipments and suitable work place. It led to increase production capacity of tempeh producers. The
technology helped them to do their process more efficient, because the equipment run faster and more precise than human.
In term of energy usage, most of equipments were operated by electricity, so the energy needs were lower than other energy that usually used human
and woods. For instance at boiling station, this process was to gain soft texture of soybean suitable for fermentation, to change soybean structure
becoming softer, to minimize contaminants of fermentation, and to reduce tripsin inhibitor and to release iron components which was needed for
growing fungi during fermentation. Three producers used different equipment for boiling soybean namely,
CHOSIM used big bowl and heated directly by woods. NGATIJAN used steam produced from water boiled in the drum using woods. The steam was
transferred to the bowl using pipe and regulated with ventile. MUCHLAR utilized steam kettle with kerosene as energy source and produced hot steam
to boil soybean in drum volume 508.68 dm
3
and 432.63 dm
3
respectively. Other frequent used equipment was grinder or size-reduction machine for
separating hulls from soybean for easing fermentation process. NGATIJAN and MUCHLAR used electric grinder, but CHOSIM used manual grinder
which had to be moved by hand. Table 2. LCA for tempeh production in three producers
CHOSIM NGATIJAN
MUCHLAR Average
ENERGI Human MJ
0.67407 0.09585
0.11820 0.29607
Gasoline MJ 2.97956
0.854053 0.01901
1.2797 Electricity MJ
0.02928 0.01920
0.01833 0.02227
Woods MJ 0.19780
0.29670 -
0.24725
138
CHOSIM NGATIJAN
MUCHLAR Average
Kerosene MJ -
- 3.24807
3.24807 EMISSION - GASOLINE
CO2 mg 0.00330
0.00028 -
0.00119 NOx mg
0.00138 0.00034
0.00001 0.00058
SO2 mg 0.00219
0.00072 0.00002
0.00098 EMISSION
–OTHER ENERGY SOURCES CO2 mg
36858.10324 55284.51765 -
46071.31 CnHm mg
3356.06242 5033.78824
- 4194.92
CO mg 19547.65906 29320.18824
0.14000 24433.92
CH4 mg 6268.90756
9402.94118 -
7835.92 H2 mg
1125.93037 1688.82353
- 1407.38
N2 mg 5477.07083
8215.31765 -
6846.19 SO2 mg
9.52021 9.52021
NO2 mg 1.28803
1.28803 HC mg
0.22400 0.22400
Pollutant Particle mg 1.68004
1.68004
Based on table 2. CHOSIM needed more energy for producing tempeh from 1 kg fresh soybean. It caused that CHOSIM used more gasoline and human
for his production especially transportation in providing raw and supported materials. Furthermore human energy frequently used, because CHOSIM
did not apply processing technology. MUCHLAR used kerosene for his production, which was as energy source
for his hot steam kettle for boiling soybean. Two other producers used woods as energy source for boiling soybean. It produced more emission and
pollutants to the environment. Basically the smallest industry was not efficient in term of energy usage and
releasing emission and pollutant. In this case CHOSIM depicted this phenomenon, because he produced smalles amount of tempeh and needed
energy likely same with NGATIJAN. If it was calculated by per 1 kg fresh soybean for producing tempeh, the result showed inefficiency at CHOSIM
industry.