Results and Discussion Dianita

137 Although their processing steps were relatively similar, some modifications were done such as soaking raw soybean and boiling dehulled soybean. These modifications were designed for achieving good quality products, which were determined by each producers and consumer’s need. Furthermore they could influence usage of energy for producing tempeh. The modification led to usage of appropriate technology, which supported the processing steps by replacing human forces with some electrical equipments and the labour served only as an operator. The replacement normally occured at medium and high scale industries, because the producers had enough capital for providing the equipments and suitable work place. It led to increase production capacity of tempeh producers. The technology helped them to do their process more efficient, because the equipment run faster and more precise than human. In term of energy usage, most of equipments were operated by electricity, so the energy needs were lower than other energy that usually used human and woods. For instance at boiling station, this process was to gain soft texture of soybean suitable for fermentation, to change soybean structure becoming softer, to minimize contaminants of fermentation, and to reduce tripsin inhibitor and to release iron components which was needed for growing fungi during fermentation. Three producers used different equipment for boiling soybean namely, CHOSIM used big bowl and heated directly by woods. NGATIJAN used steam produced from water boiled in the drum using woods. The steam was transferred to the bowl using pipe and regulated with ventile. MUCHLAR utilized steam kettle with kerosene as energy source and produced hot steam to boil soybean in drum volume 508.68 dm 3 and 432.63 dm 3 respectively. Other frequent used equipment was grinder or size-reduction machine for separating hulls from soybean for easing fermentation process. NGATIJAN and MUCHLAR used electric grinder, but CHOSIM used manual grinder which had to be moved by hand. Table 2. LCA for tempeh production in three producers CHOSIM NGATIJAN MUCHLAR Average ENERGI Human MJ 0.67407 0.09585 0.11820 0.29607 Gasoline MJ 2.97956 0.854053 0.01901 1.2797 Electricity MJ 0.02928 0.01920 0.01833 0.02227 Woods MJ 0.19780 0.29670 - 0.24725 138 CHOSIM NGATIJAN MUCHLAR Average Kerosene MJ - - 3.24807 3.24807 EMISSION - GASOLINE CO2 mg 0.00330 0.00028 - 0.00119 NOx mg 0.00138 0.00034 0.00001 0.00058 SO2 mg 0.00219 0.00072 0.00002 0.00098 EMISSION –OTHER ENERGY SOURCES CO2 mg 36858.10324 55284.51765 - 46071.31 CnHm mg 3356.06242 5033.78824 - 4194.92 CO mg 19547.65906 29320.18824 0.14000 24433.92 CH4 mg 6268.90756 9402.94118 - 7835.92 H2 mg 1125.93037 1688.82353 - 1407.38 N2 mg 5477.07083 8215.31765 - 6846.19 SO2 mg 9.52021 9.52021 NO2 mg 1.28803 1.28803 HC mg 0.22400 0.22400 Pollutant Particle mg 1.68004 1.68004 Based on table 2. CHOSIM needed more energy for producing tempeh from 1 kg fresh soybean. It caused that CHOSIM used more gasoline and human for his production especially transportation in providing raw and supported materials. Furthermore human energy frequently used, because CHOSIM did not apply processing technology. MUCHLAR used kerosene for his production, which was as energy source for his hot steam kettle for boiling soybean. Two other producers used woods as energy source for boiling soybean. It produced more emission and pollutants to the environment. Basically the smallest industry was not efficient in term of energy usage and releasing emission and pollutant. In this case CHOSIM depicted this phenomenon, because he produced smalles amount of tempeh and needed energy likely same with NGATIJAN. If it was calculated by per 1 kg fresh soybean for producing tempeh, the result showed inefficiency at CHOSIM industry.

4. Conclusion

1. For producing tempeh from 1 kg fresh soybean needed 0.2907 MJ human energy, 1.2797 MJ energy from fuel gasoline, 0.02227 MJ electricity, 0.24725 MJ combustion of woods. Combusting gasoline released emission of CO 0.00119 mg, NOx 0.00058 mg, and SO2 0.00098 mg. Usage of woods as energy source released emission of 139 CO2 4607.31 mg, CnHm 4194.92 mg, CO 244431.82 mg, CH4 7835.92 mg, H2 1407.38 mg and N2 6846.19 mg. Combusting of kerosene gave emission of CO 0.14 mg, SO2 9.52 mg, NO2 1.29 mg, HC 0.22 mg and solid particle 1.68 mg. 2. The smallest industry did not use energy and material efficiently, although some exceptions occured if the production capacity increased. 3. Waste of tempeh production was used as feed, but the usage of woods and kerosene in large amount could lead to air pollution in the production environment.

5. References

[1] Anonyme. 1999. PLCAdalam Pengelolaan Limbah Gas dan Partikulat. Handout Pelatihan Product Life Cycle Analysis. PPLH. ITB. Bandung [2] E. Damanhuri. 1999. PengelolaanLimbah dalam Life Cycle Analysis. Handout Pelatihan Product Life Cycle Analysis. PPLH. ITB. Bandung. [3] B.S. Hieronymus. 1993. Pembuatan Tempe Kedelai. Penerbit Kanisius. Yogyakarta. [4] J.W. Owens. 1997. Life Cycle Assessment: Constraint on Moving from Inventory to Impact Assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology I. [5] Roy et al 2009. A review of life cycle assessment LCA on some food products. Journal of Food Engineering Vol. 90 Issue 1. p:1-10. [6] International Organization for Standardization. 2006. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework. Geneva. 140 Study of characteristics floral and morphological hybrid rice parental lines on different seeding date Pepi N. Susilawati 1 , Memen Surahman 2, , Bambang S. Purwoko 2 , Tatiek K. Suharsi 2 , Satoto 3 1 Institute for Agricultural Technology, Banten, Indonesia. 2 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 3 Rice Research Center, Sukamandi, Indonesia Corresponding author: memensurahmanyahoo.com Abstract This research used four female inbred lines CMS and seven male inbred lines restorer. The purpose was to study the flower characteristic and plant morphology of female inbred lines CMS and male inbred lines restorer of rice hybrid in relation to different planting period. This research was conducted at the Institute for Agricultural Technology, Province of Banten, Indonesia, from November 2012 to September 2013. The experiments usedrandomized complete block design with three replications. Each replication consisted of five plants so that the total experimental unit was 165 plants for one planting period. During this research was used four plating period namely: 1 November 2012 to February 2013, 2 January- April 2013, 3 April-July 2013 and 4 June-September 2013.The results showed that there wasinteraction between planting period and female inbred lines CMS in panicle excertion, stigma excertion, the duration of theflower opening, and the floweropeningangle. The best plating period of all CMS lines is on June-September, where at the time the air temperature and the sun light duration was higher, while the relative humidity, rainfall and the number of rainy day is lower as compare to another planting period. The restorer lines were more stable as compared to CMS lines. During four times of planting period, restorer lines expressed consistently character no variation between planting period except in flower opening duration which influenced by the sun light duration. The pairof hybrid riceparental of Hipa 8, Hipa 5, Hipa 11 and Hipa 14 SBU showed the suitability on all observed variables. Keywords rice, hybrid, characteristic, planting time

1. Introduction

Research on flower characters and plant morphology is needed, especially in places that have never done such hybrid rice seed production in Serang