Socio-demographic profile of the population

201 3.1 4. Welfare 3.1.4.1. Ownership and control of productive assets means and sea fishing gear In general, data shows that the types of fishing fleets in the sample villages are shipboat motors, outboard motor boats and canoes without motors. Most of the fleets are boats without motors. 3.1.4.2. Living conditions Residential tenure . In general, most houses are of 20 to 50 square meters. Ownership of Productive Land. There is nearly 65 percent of the people of the villages located in the small islands do not have productive yard. This is due to the rocky islands. While households that want to open the land have to go to big island. This is in contrast with the Villages Pemana and Kojagete whose locations are on islands located on the waterfront. In these two villages people can plant banana and other vegetation. 3.1.4.3. Problems in the management of marine resources One of the problems in relation to the management of coastal and marine resources is that the local government has not passed local legislation on management of coastal and marine resources. 3.2. Income per capita and household income Table 5 shows that the people earn only about Rp 509,013 per month, or approximately Rp 16.967,- per day. This is below the poverty line stated by World Bank. World Bank states that the poor spends US 2 or less per day with US 1= Rp 9,000, - then the poor spends Rp. 18,000, -day. It shows that the people are poor. Table 5. Statistics of Per Month Household Income East Nusa Tenggara Province, Sikka District, in 2012 Income Number Average 2,274,653 Per capita 509.013 Minimal 108.333 Maximum 21,716,667 Median 10,912,500 Sources: Primary data, processed 2012 3.2.1. Revenue by income group By income group, the majority 76 percent of households in the sampled villages are under Rp 1.500.000,- per month Table 6. This is due to such several factors as traditional technology of fishing fleets canoes and 202 simple fishing equipment; fishing is the only source of household income; and the small size of seaweed cultivation. Table 6. Distribution of Households by per Month Income Group East Nusa Tenggara Province, Sikka District, 2012 Income The number n Percentage n Thousands rupiahs 0 s d 499 62 38.75 500 s d 999 33 20.63 1000 s d 1499 27 16.88 1500 s d 1999 5 3.13 2,000 s d 2,499 5 3.13 2500 s d 2999 8 5.00 3000 s d 3499 5 3.13 3,500 and above 15 9.38 Number N 160 100.00 Sources: Primary data, processed 2012 3.2.2. Revenue by employment Table 7 shows that most of the sampled households 65.36 percent are involved in the field of fishing. While in agriculture is only 18.30 percent and social service is in the third. However, people that are involved in social service enjoy the highest income, followed by livestock and fishery. Table 7. Average per Month Household Income According to the Household Head Job East Nusa Tenggara Province, Sikka District, 2012 Field Work Average Revenue Number n Percentage Fishery 1.057.923 100 65.36 Agriculture 637.994 28 18.30 Trade 1.858.000 5 3.27 Livestock 2.620.000 1 0.65 Social service 2.462.500 18 11.76 Other 1,000,000 1 0.65 Sources: Primary data, processed 2012 3.2.3. Fishermen revenue according to season In a strong wave season, income distribution pattern is very different from the other seasons. In a strong wave season, the number of households proved highly concentrated in the lowest income group under Rp 500,000.00. It is interesting that the number of households turns out to be 90.09 per cent. The research results show that there is no single one household whose income lies in the group up to Rp 2,500,000 Table 8. 203 Table 8. Statistics of per month Household Income of Fishermen According to Season East Nusa Tenggara Province, Sikka District, 2012 Income Season Strong waves Transition period Weak waves Average 230.411 443.998 1.002.669 Minimum 10,000 7,500 25,000 Maximum 2.437.500 5.625.000 9,800,000 Median 1223750 2816250 4.912.500 Sources: Primary data, processed 2012 3.2.4. Fishermen income according to season and income group The distribution pattern of the income In the transition seasons is different from that in the calm waves of the season. The proportion of households in the upper middle income group tends to decline. In fact, there is not even a single household on the income group of Rp 2,500,000 - Rp 3,000,000. The number of households in the income group of Rp 3 millions and above is likely to decline. While the number of households in the income group under Rp 1 million increases significantly. The decrease in revenue is due to the decline of number of days of fishing activity Table 9. Table 9. The Distribution of Fishermen Household by per Month Income Group and Season East Nusa Tenggara Province, Sikka District, 2012 Income Thousands of dollars Strong waves Transition period Weak waves The number n Percentage n The number n Percentage n The number n Percentage n 0 - 499 100 90.09 86 77.48 45 40.54 500 - 999 9 8.11 16 14.41 36 32.43 1000 - 1499 0.00 3 2.70 14 12.61 1500 - 1999 1 0.90 3 2.70 2 1.80 2,000 - 2,499 1 0.90 0.00 5 4.50 2500 - 2999 0.00 0.00 5 4.50 3000 - 3499 0.00 1 0.90 0.00 3,500 and above 0.00 2 1.80 4 3.60 Number N 111 100.00 111 100.00 111 100.00 Sources: Primary data, processed 2012

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1. Conclusion Most population are fishermen, but the catch of marine resources has been

diminishing over the last 15 years due to the coral reef ecosystem damage. 204 In 2000s most fishermen in the region of small islands primarily in the village of Kojadoi moved to seaweed cultivation and traders. The shift is due to suitable and potential areas, increasing employment for household members, more stable income and seasonal affect avoidance to the income. Although the majority of the population has low level of education primary school to down, many fishermen possess the skills of seaweed cultivation. This is supported by Coremap program, increasingly smooth access to transportation and promising market of seaweed production. Most of the people are traditional fishermen with modest fleet canoes without motors and tiny catch. The aquaculture development still needs capital and seed production costs. Most of the homes in the research area are owned by the residents but the houses are not permanent buildings. Source of clean water for the majority of the population in the two study areas is still a problem. The per capita income in the sampled villages is only about Rp 509,013 per month, or approximately Rp 16.967,- per day. This is below the poverty line stated by World Bank. It shows that the people are categorized poor.

4.2. Recommendation a. To increase the fishermen household income it is recommended that the

government facilitate the fishermen with easy access to capital resources and production factors. b. It is also recommended to provide training in relation to the fishing skills and seaweed cultivation.

5. References

[1] BAPPEDA Sikka. 2009. Database Sikka, Sikka District Profile Family Based Indicators on Food, Clothing, Board, Food Security, Land Ownership, Education and Health. [2] BAPPEDA Sikka. 2010. Sikka Regional Economic Profile, Maumere: Bappeda Sikka regency. [3] BPS Sikka. 2010. Welfare Indicators Sikka regency in 2010, Maumere: BPS Sikka regency. [4] BPS Sikka. 2007. Population Sikka 2007, Maumere: CPM district. Sikka. [5] BPS Sikka. 2007. The District Kewapante In 2007 figures, Maumere: CPM district. Sikka 205 [6] BPS Sikka. 2008. Sikka District in Figures 2008, Maumere: CPM district. Sikka [7] COREMAP – AusAID. 2003. Six Monthly Report of NTT Pilot Sub- Project [8] Daliyo and S. Bandiyono. 2002. Social Aspects of Data Base Indonesian Coral Reefs: A Case Study Boni Village, District of North Waigeo Sorong Regency, Papua Province , Jakarta: LIPI COREMAP. [9] Hidayati, Deny and L. Rachmawati. 2002. Data Association Indonesian Social Aspects of Coral Reefs: A Case Study of North Mola village, Wangi-Wangi Subdistrict, Buton, Southeast Sulawesi , Jakarta: LIPI COREMAP . [10] Jones, W. Gavin and Y. Raharjo. 1998. Population, Land And Sea Challenges of Development in Eastern Indonesia , Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.