Conclusion and Policy Implication

234 community common property and stated by the government as nobody’s property terra nullius. Approximately 57 of all protected areas in Indonesia are managed as national parks. National park is protected area with natural ecosystem, managed on zoning system and use for research, science, education, supporting cultivation, tourism, and recreation Act No. 51990 concerning Conservation of Biological Resources and Its Ecosystem, and Government Regulation No. 282011 concerning Management of Nature Reserve Area and Nature Preservation Area. Based on this definition, forms of utilization space allocation implemented is designed for communities outside national parks, such as scientists or tourists. Therefore, space necessity of the people living and day to day interacted with natural resources in the forests areas was not defined. Problems in the establishment and management of protected areas with regard to communities have been acknowledged by international community. The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN in the fifth World Park CongressWPC on September 2003 in Durban, South Africa, resulted in the Durban Accord that related with rights acknowledgement of indigenous, traditional, and mobile people who reside in the protected areas [2]. The problem was negligence of existence and rights of customary communities as the “owner” of areas that has been passed by generations. In fact, based on the historical chronology of the protected areas, the protected areas came later than utilization of the same areas as livelihood sources of the customary communities, where locations were called as customary forests hutan adat, customary land tanah ulayat or customary territory wilayah adat. The objectives of this research is to analyse of the importance of biodiversity conservation and livelihood of customary community to achieve effectiveness national park management where located in customary teritorry.

2. Materials and Methods

Two national parks in Indonesia i.e. the Wasur National Park WNP and the Kayan Mentarang National Park KMNP that have overlapping areas with customary territories were studied. The field research was carried out during period of October 2008 to July 2011 in relation with participatory planning activities for park zonation. Literature review, in-depth interviews,