The regulations and criteria for park zonation hinder the

241 and religious values.

4. Conclusion

1. Adaptation was needed toward the prevailing science-based ecologically-oriented regulation on zoning plan, so it would incorporate the customary community in order to achieve effective management of national park. 2. Zones in national parks which were established on customary territory should be directed to accommodate the traditional knowledge of land use. Adaptation, to reach compatible and applicable zone, was carried out through: 1 Change of logical framework from managing customary community in perspective of national park to managing national park in perspective of customary community livelihood; 2 Zoning policy of national park areas established in customary territory should aim at reaching national park function instead of fulfillment of zoning requirements; 3 Adaptation of the form and criteria of national park zones with traditional land use, since the function of traditional land use could contain the form and functions needed in national park zones, and 4 Adoption of traditional knowledge in the mandate of national park management since it would provide management effectiveness.

5. References

[1] F.G. Borrini, K. Ashish, O. Gonzalo. 2004. Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected Areas: Towards Equity and Enhanced Conservation. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 11. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. [2] [IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2003. The Durban Action Plan. [serial online] 2003 [cited 2009]. Available at: http:www.iucn.orgaboutworkprogrammespapa_ eventwcpa_wpc. [4] M. Colchester. 2008. Beyond Tenure: Rights-Based Approaches to Peoples and Forests Some lessons from the Forest Peoples Programme. Rights and Resources Initiative, Washington DC. 242 Competitiveness analysis of Indonesian shrimp farming, case study: PT. Surya Windu Kencana SWK, East Java Siti Maryam

1, 3,

, Gabriele H. Schwark 2 , Rachmat Pambudy 3 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Göttingen University, Göttingen, 37075, Germany 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Göttingen University, Göttingen, 37075, Germany 3 Magister Science of Agribusiness, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia Corresponding author: s.maryam87ymail.com Abstract In spite of having domestic resources which lead to competitiveness, several problems have been faced by Indonesian shrimp farmers. However, implementation of government policies is likely to have two contrasting effects; to promote and to hinder domestic production of shrimp. This study assesses the level of competitiveness and policy impact on the white-leg shrimp farming in PT. Surya Windu Kencana SWK, East Java, through Policy Analysis Matrix PAM approach. The results show that PT SWK has both competitive and comparative advantages in producing shrimp, as shown in the value of Private cost ratio PCR and domestic resource cost DRC, those are 0.234 and 0.678, respectively. Indicators of policy impact to input and output indicate that government interventions are effective in protecting the domestic production of white- leg shrimp farming in PT. SWK. Nevertheless, the shrimp business is still has dependence on imported input. Therefore, implementation of policy regarding imported input is needed to enhance the competitiveness of the shrimp farming. Keywords policy analysis matrix, competitiveness, shrimp farming, Indonesia

1. Introduction

Development of shrimp farming in Indonesia has started since the eye-stalk ablation in 1980 with black tiger shrimp as the main species cultured. The production then keeps growing through technology improvement in hatchery, feed, and pond management [1]. Moreover, introduction of Litopenaeus vannamei or white leg shrimp in 2001 has given positive impact on national production of shrimp with East Java as one of the biggest L. vannamei production province [2]. 243 Despite of suffering from depreciation of IDR and high input price, Indonesia is still found to have competitiveness in shrimp farming due to its potency of natural resources which is followed by the high demand for cultured shrimp in the world market [3, 4]. Furthermore, government intervention is also considered to play a crucial role in improving the shrimp farming business. Yet, another policy, such as import duty of 20 for imported wheat flour shrimp feed ingredient is likely to hinder the domestic production and the shrimp culture competitiveness later. Thus, objectives of this study are to analyze the level of competitiveness and the impact of government policies on shrimp farming activities through policy analysis matrix.

2. Materials and methods

The Policy Analysis Matrix is an approach covering a complete analysis on the impact of policy on competitiveness and farm level profits which measured at actual market price, the influence of investment policy on economic efficiency and comparative advantage which measured at efficiency price or social price, and the effects of agricultural research policy on changing technology. As shown in Table 1, the PAM structure consists of four columns reflecting profitability identity and three rows depicting the divergences or transfers identity [1, 2]. Table 1.Policy analysis matrix Description Revenue Costs Profit Tradable Input Domestic Factor Private Prices A B C D Social Prices E F G H Transfers I J K L Where: A : Private revenue G : Social price of domestic factor B : Private price of tradable input H : Social profit E-F-G C : Private price of domestic factor I : Transfer of output A-E D : Private profit A-B-C J : Transfer of input B-F E : Social revenue K : Factor transfer C-G F : Social price of tradable input L : Net transfer I-J-K Moreover, ratios are also used and classified into two analyses, namely competitiveness private profit, private benefit-cost ratio or PBCR, private cost ratio or PCR, social profit, social benefit-cost ratio or SBCR, and domestic resources cost or DRC and policy implications output transfer or OT, nominal protection coefficient output or NPCO, input transfer or IT, nominal protection coefficient input or NPCI, factor transfer or FT, effective