B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Translation
There are many language experts and linguists who give several definitions about translation. According to Newmark,
“Translation is a craft that consisting in the attempt to replace a written message andor statement in one
language by the same message andor statement in another language” 1988: 7. It
is clear that, translation is about transferring the written messages from one language into another language without changing the meaning of the message.
Another definition is given by Nida and Taber, who explain that, “Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first, in terms of meaning and second, in terms of style” 1982: 12-13. Here, the messages must be equivalent and the
equivalence must be natural in terms of style and meanings.
2. Process of Translation
Nida and Taber say there are two kinds of translation process. The first one,
Consists of setting up a series of rule which are intended to be applied strictly in order and are designed to specify exactly what should be done
with each item or combination of items in the source language so as to select
the appropriate corresponding form in the receptor language”.1982: 33.
A---------------------X -------------------- B
In figure 1 the A is the source language and B is target language. The X in the middle represents or stands for any kind of intermediate structure or universal
structure. The second one, Consists of a more elaborate process comprising three stages: 1 analysis,
in which the surface structure i.e. the messages as given in A is analyzed in terms of a the grammatical relationship and b the meaning of the
words and combination of words, 2 transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to
language B, and 3 restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the
receptor language 1982: 33.
A SL B TL
Analysis Restructuring
X----------------- Transfer -------------- Y
There are four steps in this translation process, which are, analysis, transfer, restructuring and testing the translation evaluating. Before translating a
source text language, a translator should analyze the grammatical meaning, word meaning and also contextual meaning. After that, heshe should process the
meanings inside hisher mind, and then transfer the materials from SL into TL. In order to make it well-structured, a translator needs to restructure the grammar of
SL into TL. By doing it, the message will be fully transferred into the Target Language. The last step is, evaluating the result, especially checking the
equivalence between SL and TL and if there is a mistake, a translator needs to make a revision on his her work in order to get the accurate translation results.
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