d. Subtitle must use font style, for example
Italics,
to mark foreign words or to emphasize particular words in the dialogue.
e. Capitals are used in subtitle indicate important information which is not part of
the dialogues, such as voices from radio, television, or loudspeaker. Capitals are also used for written words as for example, on posters, letters, or
newspaper when the content is important to the story line. f.
To unsure synchronization with the spoken word and the image, conversations in the subtitle have to be condensed in a layout which helps audience to
identify different speakers. g.
Punctuation in subtitle used to convey interpersonal dynamic that reflect those of the film dialogue. Hesitation or insecurity can be visualized by inserting an
ellipsis … or loudness with an exclamation mark . h.
Subtitle duration, which appears on the screen, is limited. It is because subtitle follows the pace of the film and delivery of the dialogue. The duration of
subtitle ranges from one to six seconds. Those subtitle features show how to make a good and clear subtitle for movie,
because the existence of subtitle will support the messages that are delivered by the characters in the movie through their conversations. It helps the audience to
comprehend the meanings and morals that the movie wants to deliver. In translation study, a movie subtitle helps the translator in translating the language
into the target language without many difficulties if the source language subtitle is made by applying those subtitle requirements.
5. Taboo and Swear Word
According to Wardaugh, Taboo words can consist of sex, death, excretion, bodily function, prohibited by certain religion and also politics. 2010: 249. He
adds further that, Taboo is prohibition avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be
harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment or shame. 2010: 249.
Related to swear word, there are some definitions given by the experts.
According to Anderrson and Trudgill,
Swear word can be defined as a type of language use in which the expression; a refers to something that is taboo andor stigmatized in the
culture; b should not be interpreted literally; c can be used to express strong emotions and attitudes 1992: 53
Furthermore, on the page 36-37, they discuss and classify the swearing word into four types, which are;
a. Expletive swearing, which expresses personal emotions and it is not directed to
other people. Example: God damn it b.
Abusive swearing, which is usually derogatory and directed to others, like name
–calling and other kinds of cursing. Example: You asshole, you bastard, etc.
c. Humorous swearing, which does not have to be emotional. It can be found in
humorous scenes in which it is directed to others but it is not derogatory. It takes mostly the form of abusive swearing but has the opposite functions where
the playfulness is the key and not the offensiveness. Example: Get your ass in here
d. Auxiliary Swearing, which can be used as an auxiliary, directed towards a
person or a situation. Sometimes it is called lazy swearing and often or always non-emphatic.
Example: This fucking…bloody.
Pinker divides swearing into five types, which are, dysphemistic swearing, abusive swearing, idiomatic swearing, empathic swearing and cathartic swearing
2007: 66-91. Dysphemistic swearing is a type of swearing that is the opposite of euphemism. Abusive swearing is a type of swearing that is used to abuse,
intimidate or to insult others. Idiomatic swearing is a type of swearing that is used in swearing without referring exactly to the problems. Empathic swearing is a
type of swearing that has a function to emphasize something by swearing. Cathartic swearing, that is a type of swearing used when something unexpected or
unwanted condition happens. Another definition of swear word is given by
Liedlich
.
According to
Liedlich
,
Swear word is the way someone uses obscene words orally to insult or to curse, or even to offend something someone or action, and also for
emphasizing, when the person has strong emotion. 1973: 100
.
Furthermore, Liedlich discusses about the principal purposes of verbal obscenity as follows:
a. Creating Attention Using swear words in the society to create public attention. Swear words
provide the most jolting and evocative stimulus to the society and it draws attention to itself as well as those who were using it. Although this may be a
unique function of verbal obscenity, it is nevertheless its initial purpose Liedlich, 1973: 110.
