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5. Reporting the Outcomes
This is the final stage that the researcher had to report the outcomes of the research. It included presenting the question why such study needs to be
conducted, describing the context of the reseach, outlining the finding supported by the data in relation to the context and finding, and finally suggesting the
improvement that other researcher may need to elaborate the research.
H. Research Validity and Reability
According to Anderson et al.in Burns 1999: 161-162 there are five criteria of action research validity. Those are democratic validity, outcome validity,
process validity, catalytic validity and dialogic validity.The explanations of those criteria are as follow.
1. Democratic Validity
Democratic validity means that the researcher needs to give the stakeholders like the collaborator and the students chance to express their opinions, ideas,
comments, suggestions, criticsm related to the research. The researcher worked collaboratively with the teacher in the study. She held discussions with the
English teacher in each stage of the research. The researcher took the ideas, comments, suggestions or opinions from the teacher. She also interviewed the
students to give their views regarding to the implementation of the research. Their ideas, comments, suggestions, or opinions were also taken as considerations in
conducting the research.
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2. Outcome Validity
This validity means that the research shows successful outcome. In this study, the improvement of the students’ vocabulary mastery after receiving
treatment using flashcard in the teaching and learning process was the outcome validity.
3. Process Validity
This criterion is related to the dependability and the competency of the research. The process validity was done to make sure that the actions of the
reseach were reliable and the actions were as planned. The process of this research divided into two cycles. Each cycle consisted of planning, implementing,
evaluating, and reflecting steps. The observation was not only done by the researcher, but also done the collaborator which was the English teacher of class
VIII A at MTsN Godean. The process of this research was divided into two cycles which in each cycle consisted of planning, actions, and reflecting steps. The data
were in the form of field notes, interview transcripts, and also photographs. Furthermore, the researcher and the English teacher evaluated and reflected the
actions that had been done in the cycle 1 to conduct better teaching and learning process in the cycle 2.
4. Catalytic Validity
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