Based on the result, types of translation variation found in the novel Power- Crazy Ms Wiz
are address terms in the form of pronouns, kinships, names, and titles. Mostly used is pronoun. Then, the translation techniques employed by the
translator to translate address terms in the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz are borrowing, omission, transposition, literal translation, and adaptation. The most
frequently used is literal translation. In addition, the result of accuracy and acceptability measurement, the translation of the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz is
accurate and acceptable.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research adopts the notion of translation that the translation is a specific oral and written activity aimed at recreation of an oral and written text utterance
existing in one language into a text in another language, accompanied by keeping the inv
ariance of content, qualities of the original and author’s authenticity. This research focused on address terms used in Para Priyayi and their expressed in
Javanese Gentry . Specifically, the researcher wants to describe the most dominant
types of address t erms are found in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their
translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel. Besides, the researcher also tries to describe the techniques of translation
applied by the translator in translating address te rms in Umar Kayam’s Para
Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese
Gentry novel. Then, the researcher describes about the meaning equivalence of the
translation of address terms in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel.
The first framework is types of address terms found in Umar Kayam’s Para
Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese
Gentry novel. It is important to know all of the types. The researcher adopts the
types of address terms. They are pronouns, names, kinship terms, and titles. Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned.
English and Indonesia pronouns system are different. English pronoun system does not have familiar and formal on singular and plural. The example of
pronouns of address: First example:
ST: Ya itulah. Tapi, dia juga butuh teman bermain. TT: Yes, I know, but he does need friends, after all.
In the datum above is the dialogue between Sadimin andSumantri. Both are siblings sister and brother.Sadimin tried to give an advice for Sumantri. He
wants his child play together with his friends. The word dia in the source text is used by Sadiminto address his child. It is considered address terms in the type of
personal pronoun of singular form on third person. Second example:
ST: Maka itu masyarakat kita mesti bersih dari orang-orang kontra repolusi. TT: And so we, the people, have to clean out the country, sweep out all those
against the revolution. In the datum above is the dialogue between Martokebo and
Noegraha’s family. Martokebo tried to give an advice for
Noegraha’s family. He wants clean out the country, sweep out all those against the revolution. The word kita in the
source text is used by Martokebo address Noegraha’s family. It is considered
address terms in the type of plural form on first person. Moreover, names are used call someone with hisher name. In Western
culture, people usually call people by first of given name. Even though, in Indonesian culture people sometimes call someone with local name, because
Indonesia has different aspect of culture. The examples of names:
ST: Marie, apakah kamu senang bekerja sama Bapak di kantor?
TT:
What’s it like, Marie, since you started working in your father’s office?
In the datum above is the dialogue between Marie’s mother and Marie.
Marie’s mother asks Marie about her opinion. Marie feels happy enough, because she can work with her father.
Based on the dialogue of Marie’s mother to Marie,
the translator translates Marie into Marie in the target text. Marie is categorized
into name since it is name a person. Second example:
ST: Wis, wis, Kentus. Biarlah mbakyumu dan Mas Hari selesai makan dulu. Kau
main dulu sana.
TT: That’s enough now, Kentus. Let your Mbak and Mas Hari finish eating. You
go out and play. In the datum above is the dialogue between Gadis and Kentus. Gadis asks
Kentus, he should not bother his sister. She wants Kentus goes to play with his friends. Based on the dialogue of Gadis to Kentus, the translator translates Kentus
into Kentus in the target text. Kentus is categorized into name since it is name a person especially Javanese name.
Then, kinship terms describe how people prefer to relatives by direct or indirect of blood and marriage. In the system of address terms, kinship terms are
the most important one that have the closest relation with other people; in general kinship terms are divided into four groups: nuclear family, extended family,
marital relations, and law kinship terms. Here the examples below:
ST: Oh, Embokmu tetap disini, di Wanalawas. TT: Oh, your mother will stay here, in Wanalawas.
Embok tried to calm Wagé, because he would stay at another place, Ndoro
Seten. Embok tried to explain that she was stay here in Wanalawas. Based on the example above, it is an example of kinship term. Furthermore, Embok in the
source text means mother in the target text. Javanese people usually call hisher mother with Embok.
Second example:
ST: Belum, Pakdhe. TT: No, not yet, Uncle.
In the datum above is the dialogue betweenUncle and Soedarsono. In this situation, uncle asks Soedarsono about smoking. In Javanese, the word Pakdhe in
the source text is categorized into kinship terms since refer to uncle. It is used by Soedarsono to address his uncle.
In addition, the usage of titles concern with the addresser and addressee that have different social status, age, and intimacy. In Indonesian culture, calling
people based on the background of culture. The examples of titles:
First example:
ST: Wis, wis, Yem. Jangan kamu teruskan nangismu. TT: Now, now, dear woman,
don’t go crying. In the datum above is the dialogue betweenNdoro and Embok. In this
situation, Ndoro asks Embok, she wants Lantip come back to school because he was seven-years-old. Embok says thank you and she cried. As seen in the
example, the translator translates Yem into dear woman in the target text. It is categorized into titles since the addresser uses it to address same old. In Javanese,
Yem means Mbak or lady. The translator translates Yem into dear woman to
address the woman. Second example:
ST
:
Nangis saja, Le, keras-keras. Tidak ada yang melarang.Menangislah.
TT:
Cry, boy, as hard as you want. No one forbids it. Go ahead and cry.
In the datum above is the dialogue between Ndoro Kakung and Wagé. In this situation, Ndoro Kakung tried to calm down for Wagé. He cried a lot, because her
mother was died. Based on the example, the translator translates Le into boy in the target text. In Javanese, there are some titles to address people based on age and
occupation. Le is one of the parts of titles to address the young boy.
Then, the second framework is techniques of translation based on Molina and Albir 2002:509. The researcher uses four types of techniques of translation
namely borrowing, generalization, literal translation, and modulation. Borrowing is a translation technique that is applied by translator to take a word or an
expression straight from another language. It is pure without any change. For example, the name of Soenandar translates into target text without any change.
The translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address terms in the novel. It is said so since the word Soenandaris translated purely into Soenandar in
the target text. Therefore, borrowing is a translation technique that maintains the culture on the text.
Generalization is a translation technique uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example,
ST: Becak TT: Vehicle
In the example above, the translator translates the word becak into vehicle. The word becak is land transportation in Indonesia. The translator gives more
general, so the readers know about the kind of land transportation. Literal translation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to
translate a word or an expression into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source text, although it seems like calque only used when the structures and
concepts of the language run parallel to each other.
For example:
ST: Nyuwun sewu, Bapak. Saya ingin mengemukakan pendapat saya. TT: If I may, Father, could I say something?
In the datum above is the dialogue betweenMini and her father. In this situation, Mini gave an opinion about her wedding. In the example above the
translator employs literal translation technique. It could be seen in the word Bapak which is translated into father in the target text.
Modulation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change point of view consists of a phrase that is different in the source and target
language to convey the same idea, focus or cognitive.
For example:
ST: Nah, tahunya kamu sudah pinter merokok. TT: Looks like he knew how to smoke all along.
In the datum above is the dialogue betweenuncle and Soedarsono about smoking. Based on the example, the translator employs modulation translation
technique. The word kamu in the source text used by uncle to address Soedarsono is translated into he who refers to Soedarsono in the target text. It is translated by
changing the point of view in the target text. The word kamu is categorized into the second personal pronoun, while the word he is categorized into the third
personal pronoun.The third framework is the meaning equivalence of the translation in Javanese Gentry. Equivalent is central concept of translation study,
so the translated expression must be equivalent with the source language expression in terms of context and content. The researcher analyzes four types of
meaning equivalence, based on Bell 1991:6. Bell 1991:6 says text in different language between ST and TT. He is divided into two types, equivalent fully and
partly equivalent and non equivalent different meaning and no meaning. Based on theory of Bell 1991:6, meaning equivalence is divided into two kinds.
Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into target text, or the source text is translated into target text with the
same meaning. For example:
ST: Kamu sekarang sudah besar. Sudah enam tahun. TT: You
’re big now. You’re six. Based on the example above, the translations of address terms are considered
fully equivalent meaning. The word kamu is translated into you in the source text is fully translated into uncle in the target text.
Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added or omitted some information in the target text which is not found in the source text, or when
the source text is translated into target text with the same meaning or style, not both. For example:
ST : Oh, Allah, Le. Mbokmu sudah tidak ada. TT : Oh Allah, dear boy, your Mbok has gone, dear.
Based on the example above, it is an example of partly meaning equivalent.
Furthermore, it is translated by adding the word dear in the target text.
Different meaning occurs when the source text is translated into target text
using the different meaning.
For example:
ST: Nah, tahunya kamu sudah pinter merokok. TT: Looks like he knew how to smoke all along.
The example above is considered different meaning. It could be seen of the translator translates from source text into target text with different meaning and
concept. He translates wordkamu into he. In English pronoun system, kamu means you but he means dia laki-laki.
No meaning occurs when the source text does not translate into target text. Based on this research, there is not any data about meaning equivalence of no
meaning equivalent. For example:
ST: Inggih, Ndoro. Di rumah tidak ada orang yang menjaga tole. TT: Inggih, Ndoro. There is no one to look after him in our house.
The datum above is the dialogue between Embok and Ndoro. Based on the example above, the translator translates Ndoro to Ndoro. Ndoro means people
who have high status in particular district. The example above is considered no meaning translation. It is said so since the address term in the source text is not
translated in the target text. The translator does not consider the English, but only translates the Bahasa Indonesia.
C. Analytical Construct
