Background of the Study

1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Every language reflects the social characters of the speakers, the addressees and the relations between them. When people communicate with others, their dialogues may contain address terms. Address terms are usually used to show the possession of formal and informal manners and the consideration of the people. They could be the first name, last name, nickname, titles, or combinations of them. On the other hand, address terms show that the speaker wants to express his or her feeling of respect, solidarity, intimacy, and familiarity toward other people. Therefore, address terms are one of the important tools of communication used in society and daily life. They depend on social factors. Wardhaugh 2006:267 notes that a variety of social factors usually governs the choice of address terms among these social factors are the particular occasion, the social status or rank, sex, age, family relationship, and occupation. His explanation means the use of address terms of people around the world are different, because address terms consider some factors. Meanwhile, Brown and Yule 1989:54 point that in different social contexts different terms of address will be used. Each country has different context of address terms, for example Indonesian. Indonesian people usually use address terms in daily conversation. They depend on the social backgrounds, age, social status, sex or gender, and intimacy. Indonesia has variety of languages; one of them is Javanese. Javanese people have their own address terms. In Javanese family, a mother addresses her daughter with Nduk and her son with Le. A brother addresses his older sister with Mbak and addresses his older brother with Mas. A daughter addresses her mother with Mbok or Ibu. It can be said that address terms is easy to find in the dialogues. Indonesian address terms can be translated in several forms in Indonesian since there are many kinds of words to address someone such as pronoun of address kamu, kita, kau, etc, titles Dik, Mas, Pak, etc, names Wanagalih, Lantip, Ngaisah, Soedarsono, etc, and kinship terms Pakde, Ibu, Bapak, etc. The examples of how address terms are used in Umar Kayam’s Para Priyayi novel and their translated expressions in Vladislav Zhukov’s Javanese Gentry novel. The genre of Para Priyayi and Javanese Gentry are fiction. The novels tell about the life of Javanese gentry’s family Lantip, Sastrodarsono, Hardojo, Noegroho, and Harimurti in colonial period. Each participant use address terms to call someone who has intimate relation. Below are the examples of address terms: Example 1: Para Priyayi: Pada suatu sore sesudah persinggahan rutin kami di Jalan Setenan, kami duduk di amben di depan rumah Wanawalas. Sore itu sangatlah bagus. Langit di sebelah barat kelihatan merah kekuningan. Belum pernah saya merasakan dan melihat suasana seperti itu. Kemudian, Embok lantas mendekap dan mengelus kepala saya. Embok: “Wagé, Le, anakku yo, Ngeer, kamu sekarang sudah besar. Kamu sudah enam tahun. Sudah waktunya, kamu pergi dari desa yang kecil dan sumpek ini, Ngeer. ” Wagé: “Pergi Mbok? Kita akan pergi?.” Embok: “Bukan kita. Kamu sendiri, Le?.” Wagé:”Saya harus pergi kemana, Mbok?.” Embok:”Kamu akan nderek, ikut Ndoro Guru di Setenan, Le?.” Javanese Gentry: One afternoon after returning from our usual visit to Setenan Road, my mother and I were sitting on the bamboo sleeping-platform in the porch of our house in Wanawalas. The day was ending gloriously, the western sky being suffused with brassy red glow that gleams of light. I had never before seen or been affected by such an atmosphere. Then, she gave me a hug and stroked my hair. Embok: “Wagé, my dear, my child, listen to me. You’re big now, you’re six. It is time for you to go away, to leave this small pinched village. ” Wagé: “Leave, Mbok? Are we going to leave?” Embok: ”Not we, child. You are alone.” Wagé:”Where do I have to go, Mbok?” Embok:”You’re going to live with Ndoro Guru, to live in Setenan Road.” The above conversation happens between Embok and Wagé. The addresser, Embok, showing calls someone that include in address terms. The conversations applytypes of address terms: pronoun, kinship terms, titles, and names. In these novels, Para Priyayi and Javanese Gentry, there are some different addressing systems between English and Indonesian address terms. From some examples above, people know that there are some different address terms between English and Indonesian. There is an English address terms that does not used in Indonesian address terms. Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher is interested in conducting a research dealing with English and Indonesian address terms that are used in two different novels. Therefore, the researcher is interested to analyze address terms. Thus, the researcher will carry out the study “ADDRESS TERMS IN UMAR KAYAM’S PARA PRIYAYI NOVEL AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN VLADISLAV ZHUKOV‘S JAVANESE GENTRY NOVEL”.

B. Identification of the Problem