Reduction Substitution Transposition Pronouns of Address

o. Reduction

Reduction is a translation technique that is applied by translator to suppress a source text information item in the target text. For example: ST: Kok kamu belum tidur? TT: Not sleeping yet? In this situation, Sastro asked his wife. Based on the example above, the translator employs reduction technique. Sastro addresses Ngaisah with the wordkamu in the source text. The translator suppresses the word kamu does not translate into target text.

p. Substitution

Substitution is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change the linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements or vice versa. For example, Indonesian gesture of showing thumb and bend down for the guests is translated into welcome. Based on the example above, the translator translates Indonesian gestures into welcome. The translator tries changing a linguistic element, so the readers understand the meaning of gesture in Indonesia.

q. Transposition

Transposition is translation technique that is applied by translator to change the grammar from the source language into target language. For example, ST: Makan itu sangat penting TT: Eating is very important. Based on the example above, the translator translates makan itu sangat penting into eating is very important. In the English sentences, the verb is often closer to the beginning of the sentence. It is also possible to change the word class without changing the overall meaning of the sentences, so the location of various parts of speech within a sentences are switched based on the particular language.

r. Variation

Variation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect. This variation can be sociolinguistics; variation is also important in the study of the system of language vowel and consonant. For example: ST: “Hesy Ora usah”. TT: “No. Stop that” Based on the example above, the translator translates the phrase “Hesy Ora usah” uses variation technique. The example in which register used in target text is completely different. The word hesy is a Javanese expresses prohibition to someone, and it is changed into no in English word. Out of the 18 techniques, the researcher applies four techniques of translation. They are borrowing, generalization, literal translation, and modulation.

3. Address Terms

Address is a terminology used by people when they are calling to others and this varies according to their education, social standing, profession, sexual, status, and specific kind of work. It can even be determined by their country or their ethnicity. In addition, according to Braun 1988:12 states that address terms are divided into nine forms: a. Non-verbal and paralinguistic factors proximity, distance, pitch, loudness. Paralinguistic is the study of vocal signals beyond the basic verbal messages or speech. They includes, accent, pitch, volume, and speech rate. Sometimes some researchers also include non verbal under the heading paralinguistic. Kinds of Non verbal: facial expression, eye contact, and gestures. b. Structures and forms of openings and closings. Kinds of structures and forms of opening and closing such as summons, pre- greeting, and structures extensive reading. c. Bound and free forms of address lexemes, phrases, formulaic expressions. The differences of bound and free based on syntactic: vocative forms of addressing are free and bound relation with communicative partner. d. Special verb forms or nouns of address. e. Terms of endearment. Terms endearment are kind of friendly name to call someone. f. Avoidance forms and behaviour. In particular in laws are treated with considerable respect. g. Special languagesregisterscodes the way of speaking.

h. Pronouns of Address

Based on the Cambridge’s dictionary, pronouns are a word which is used instead of a noun or a noun phrase. Pronouns are often used to refer to a noun that has already been mentioned. English and Indonesia pronouns system are different. English pronoun system does not have familiar and formal on singular and plural. Table 1. The English Pronoun System: Larson 1984: 131 Singular Plural 1 st person I we 2 nd person you 3 rd person Masculine Feminine Neuter they he she it Table 2. The Indonesian Pronoun system: Simatupang 2000: 77 Singular Plural 1 st person sayaaku Inclusive Exclusive kita kami 2 nd person Masc uli e F emi nine B oth ge nde rs Masc uli e F emi nine B oth ge nde rs Familiar bapak ibu saudara bapak- bapak ibu-ibu saudara- saudara Formal kamuandadikau mereka 3 rd person iadia Indonesian pronouns system distinguishes inclusive and exclusive, but English pronouns system have simply one subject pronoun for first person plural, we . Inclusive means that the hearer is included in the first person plural form and exclusive means that the hearer is not included. We may at times be talking only about the speaker and someone else other than hearer. In Indonesian pronoun system there are two words. kita means we, which is inclusive of the hearer. Kami means we, but notyou that is the hearer is not included, its means exclusive. Meanwhile, Indonesian pronouns translates pronoun we into kita or kami. In English context, a translator simply uses we, the meaning component of both inclusive and exclusive would be lost and different when translating from Indonesian source text into English target text.In addition, in general some Indonesian people use address herselfhimself with sayaaku, but there is much local language. According to Kanigara’s dictionary, below are the examples the first personal pronoun of singular with Indonesian local language: a. Minang : Ambo, Den b. Betawi : Ane, Aye, Gue c. Sundanese : Kuring, Abdi d. Javanese : Kulo, Dalem e. Balinese : Titiang Moreover, Indonesian people use addresses the second personal formal pronoun with kamuanda. Below are examples the second personal formal pronoun of singular with local language: a. Minang : Angku b. Betawi : Elu c. Sundanese : Anjeun, Sia d. Javanese : Panjenengan, Sampean e. Balinese : Ragane, Iratu Here, the example of pronouns of address: ST: Kamu sekarang sudah besar. Sudah enam tahun. LT: You ’re big now. You’re six. In the datum above, the dialogue is between EmbokandWagé. Both were blood relation. The word kamu in the source text is used by Embok to address Wagé. It is considered address terms in the type of personal pronoun of singular form.

i. Kinship terms, Titles, Names i Kinship Terms