Meanwhile, Bell 1991: 5-6 defines that translation is the expression in another language or the target language of what has been expressed in another,
source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. Catford 1965:20 stated that translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual
material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL. The use of
the term “textual material” related to equivalent. Equivalent means a central point of translation to find and define about the nature and
condition of translation equivalence.From the explanation about the notion of translation by some experts, it can be concluded that translation is a process of
changing and recreation of original text or source language to target language that maintain the equivalence, qualities, and the author’s authenticity.
b. Types of Translation
Russo-American linguist Jakobson 1992:145 makes a very important
distinction between three types of translation:
1. Intralingual translation or rewording: it is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. It would occur when we produce a
summary or rewrite a text in the same language and context. It means same with rephrase.
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper: it is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. It occurs between verbal sign system
and focus on translation studies.
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation: it is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal signs systems, for example music or
image.
c. Process of Translation
Process of translation is the activity which is done by translator when he or she transfers a message from source language into target language. Meanwhile,
there is a careful analysis about process of translation. In the case, source language to target language having quite different grammatical and semantic
structure. As defined Nida 1966: 483-498 on the process of translation, the translator first analyses the message of the source language. The message changes
into text, then the translator analysis about it. He or she transfers it at this level. Meanwhile, the translator restructures it in the receptor language. Below is the
process of translation by Nida.
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE TEXT TRANSLATION
ANALYSIS TRANSFER RESTRUCTURING
Figure 1. Process of translation Nida 1966: 483-498
In addition, Bell 1991:21 defines that process of translation from transformation of a source language text into a target language text by means of
processes which take place within memory. Then, the translator analyses of one
language-specific text the source language text into a non-language specific. The process is called semantic representation. In the level, semantic representation
change into a second language specific text the target language text that called synthesis.
Figure 2. Process of translation Bell 1991:21
2. Techniques of Translation
Molina and Albir 2002: 509 differentiate into 18 techniques of translation:
a. Adaptation
Adaptation is a translation technique that is applied by translator to replace a source language with one from the target language, e.g.
Memory Source
Language Text
Analysis
Semantic Representation
Target Language Text
Synthesis
ST: Keris TT: Sword
Based on the example above, the translator uses adaptation technique to translate the word keris into sword. The translator applies adaptation technique to
get an acceptable translation. The example shows that in translating the word sword, the translator considers the cultural aspect or maintains the culture on it.
b. Amplification
Amplification is a translation technique applied by translator to give details not formulated in the source text by giving information or explicative
paraphrasing. Amplification is in opposition of reduction, for example: ST: Kupat tahu
TT: a traditional Javanese food. Based on the example above, the translator uses amplification technique to
translate the word kupat tahu. The translator gives information and details in the target text.
c. Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation technique that is applied by translator to take a word or an expression straight from another language. It is pure without any
change. For example, the name of Soenandar translates into target text without any change. The translator employs borrowing technique in translating the address
terms in the novel. It is said so since the word Soenandaris translated purely into Soenandar in the target text. Therefore, borrowing is a translation technique that
maintains the culture on the text.
d. Calque
