Jr. 6-15 propose five kinds of critical approaches. Those approaches are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the socio cultural-historical
approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. Every approach has its own characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses.
That is why we should always consider in choosing the approach applied to a certain literary work because there is no single approach will suit to all kinds of
literary work. We must consider and be able to choose the most appropriate approach that will suit to our analysis.
In this study, I use the psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods 13 state that the psychological approach helps us to analyze the novel from
psychological points of view of human beings. That is from the organization of thought and feelings of the character. Moreover, it also explains and
understanding the human motivation.
4. Logotherapy
According to Frankl, who is a professor of psychiatry and neurology, the highest motivation of people is the will to meaning. It motivates people to do all
actions, such as doing works, so that life becomes useful and worthy. The will to meaning is not an invention but it is a real spiritual phenomenon that is very
important in the people’s life. As the basic motivation of people, the will to meaning motivates them to be worthy and useful people who live with the
meaningful actions. Furthermore, Frankl discusses the will to meaning in his theory, called logotherapy.
Frankl 154 starts his concept of the will to meaning from his criticism to the concepts of the pleasure principle by Freud and the will to power by Adler. He
considers that those concepts simplify the existence and the behaviour of human being. Moreover, pleasure and power are not the main purpose of life but they are
rewards from the actions of self-fulfilment that are based and directed on the will to meaning.
According to Frankl, meaning is unique and personal because of fact that people have their own way to find the meaning of life. Besides, it is also
changeable along with the times and conditions in people’s life. It can be found by them in his works, art works and the worldview, even in the truth and love that
they struggle and undergo personally. It shows that a person cannot give or entrust another person to create a meaning of life for him. In other words, only the person
himself can feel and experience whether his life is meaningful or not and what the meaning of life for him is.
a. Base of logotherapy
Frankl 154-173 in Man’s Search for meaning and Introduction to
Logotherapy explains that the will to meaning is the main activator of one’s
personality. Furthermore, the freedom of will, the will to meaning, and the meaning of life become the base of logotherapy.
1 The freedom of will
Logotherapy explains that every person has a freedom and has to be responsible for his or her freedom. Freedom for people is the freedom to take a
stand on every condition they face, either the condition of the environment or their
