Base of logotherapy Logotherapy

sense of meaninglessness, emptiness, lost of the purpose in life, bored feeling, and apathy. This condition is termed as the existential vacuum that is caused by a frustration of the will to meaning the existential frustration. The frustration is a result of the condition when people cannot find the meaning of life; even they have no will to meaning. Nowadays, the existential frustration and existential vacuum have become a widespread phenomenon. There are people who have experienced a loss of the feeling that life is meaningful. It is caused by many factors, such as the missing of traditions and values. According to Frankl 168, a failure of finding the meaning of life or the existential frustration is often directed to compensations. There are many kinds of compensations that people do, which almost all of the compensations are negative. The compensation can be some overly actions of the will to power, the will to pleasure, the will to sex, the will to work, and the will to money. On other words, in those overly actions, there is usually implied the meaningless life experience. Frankl 159-160 insists that the existential vacuum does not belong to pathology or sickness, but spiritual distress. Spiritual in logotherapy does not deal with theology character but anthropologist character. Different from religious aspect that look at the spiritual as the phenomenon of this world and the next, logotherapy look at the spiritual from medical aspect. It means that the spiritual dimension is the source of health that has never been sick even the person has physical and mental sickness. Although a full life experience without the meaning does not belong to a sickness, the intensive condition of its experiences can result noogenic neurosis, total character, and conformist character. The noogenic neurosis is a mood disorder that can inhibit one’s self-adaptation and achievement. The disorder is marked by boredom, emptiness, hopeless, lost of interest and initiative, even the meaningless life.

5. Success in Finding the Meaning of Life

Based on logotherapy, Schultz 115 in Growth psychology: Models of the healthy Personality concludes that people who have the meaning of life are describes as people who are free to choose their own course of action. They are personally responsible for the conduct of their lives and the attitude they hold towards their face. They are not determined by force outside themselves. They also have found a meaning in life which suits them. They are in conscious control of their lives. Besides, they are able to manifest creative, experiential, or attitudinal values. They have transcended the concern with self. They are oriented toward the future, directed toward future goals and tasks.

B. Theoretical Framework

In relation with the problem formulation, the approach and theories that have been discussed above are used to analyze the novel. They will be applied to answer the problems of this study. In this part, it explains which approach and theories used and how they are applied in the analysis. The first objective is to find out the description of Carla as the main character in the novel. It is therefore the theories of character by Foster and Henkle are applied to determine what a sort of character Carla is, and the methods of characterization by Murphy are also used to obtain the complexity of Carla’s characters revealed in the novel. The second objective is to find out the causes of Carla’s quest for the meaning of life, her motivation, and her actions to find the meaning of life. The theory used is logotherapy by Frankl. I would like to apply the theory to analyze what Carla does to find the meaning of her life. Therefore, those theories will help me in analyzing this novel.