Kinds and Sources of Data Data Collecting Technique

C. Kinds and Sources of Data

In the research, the researcher collected the data from the phenomenon or subject of the research in order to answer the research questions. The data are in the form of raw information that needed to be analyzed and interpreted. In qualitative research, the data are usually collected from what people have said or done in the phenomenon being investigated. Data are collected through questionnaire, observation, interviews and documents. The product of qualitative study is richly descriptive. Words adn pictures rather than numbers are used to convey what the researcher has learned about the phenomenon. T he data collected through questionnaire explore about teachers‟ personal information, teachers‟ educational background, teachers‟ teaching experience, teachers‟ reasons to use authentic materials, techers‟ criteria for selecting authentic materials and how teachers‟ opinion about the students‟ competence during carrying out the teaching process by using authentic materials. For the purpose of this research, the kind of the data are in the form of interview transcription, the answer of open-ended and close-ended questionnaire, and the documents of teaching learning. Meanwhile, the source of the data are the answer of in-depth interview to English teachers who teach the tenth grade, the events of teaching learning activity in listening and the documents of teaching learning activity. commit to user

D. Data Collecting Technique

For the purpose of this study, the data are collected and analyzed by using some data collecting techniques. In this study the process of data collecting technique and analysis are conducted in a synchronized and simultaneous manner. There are four techniques that are used to collect data for the purpose of this research. They consist of: 1 Questionnaire Questionnaire used in this research is close-ended and open-ended questionnaire. Cresswell 2008: 228 reveals that the open-ended responses permit the researcher to explore reasons for the closed-ended responses and identify any comments people might have that are beyond the responses of the close-ended questions. The questionnaire is developed from the components of beliefs investigated in this research. The respondents of this questionnaire are the teachers who teach the tenth grade. The questionaire includes questions about teachers‟ personal information, teachers‟ educational background, teachers‟ teaching experience, teachers‟ reasons to use authentic materials, techers‟ criteria for selecting authentic materials and how teachers‟ opinion about the students‟ competence during carrying out the teaching process by using authentic materials. 2 Observation Cresswell 2008: 221 defines observation as the process of gathering open-ended, first hand information by observing people and places at a commit to user research site. In the context of this study, the role of passive participant observer is chosen Gobo, 2008 in which the researcher observed and recorded notes without being involved in the activities of the participants, acts as a spectator of the scene under study and maintain a certain distance from it and never intervening. Each teacher was be observed until the data needed were saturated. 3 Interview Cresswell 2008: 225 states that a qualitative interview occured when researchers asked one or more participants open-ended and general questions and record their answers. The teachers who participate in this research were interviewed in an in-depth interview. Interview guide consisted of questions about their beliefs on the use of authentic materials to teach listening, the factors that affect their beliefs on the use of authentic materials to teach listening and the implementation of teaching listening by using authentic materials. 4 Document Analysis Cresswell 2008: 230 reveals that documents consist of public and private records of qualitative researchers obtain about a site or participants in a study. The documents represent public and private documents. Examples of public documents were minutes from meetings, official memos, records in the public domains, and archival materials in the library. Private documents consist of personal journal and diaries, letters, personal notes, and jotting individual write to themselves. The documents analyzed in this perpustakaan.uns.ac.id commit to user research include teachers‟ teaching materials which use authentic materials, lesson plan, and listening test. The documents were important in describing the historical background and current situation of where the research was be conducted.

E. Trustworthiness