Translation Process Review of Related Theories 1.

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2. Translation Process

Hansen states that a translation process is everything that happens from the moment the translator starts working on the ST until he finishes the TT. It is all encompassing, from every pencil movement and keystroke, to dictionary use, the use of the internet and the entire thought process that is involved in solving a problem or making a correction ± in short everything a translator must do to transform the ST to the TT 2003: 26. In other words, a translation process is a complex series of actions that entangles with all the things occurring while a translator is undertaking a translation task. According to Malmkjær, translation process is a cognitive process in translation studies that can be used to designate a variety of phenomena, from the cognitive processes activated during translating, both conscious and unconscious, to the more “physical” process which begins when a client contacts a translation bureau and ends when that person declares satisfaction with the product produced as the final result of the initial inquiry excerpted in Tirkkonen- Condit and Jääskeläinen, 2000: 163. To put it differently, if a translation process means the process that commences when a language student, for instance, meets with a sentence in English and ends when that student has produced what readers consider a corresponding sentence in Indonesian, that sentence in Indonesian is a translation. Meanwhile, if a translation process is defined as the process that starts with the client’s request and ends with a satisfied customer, no Indonesian sentence produced in the manner just described can be considered a translation and the student’s effort will hardly be recognized as translating. Furthermore, Albir and Alves quoted in Munday, 2009: 62-63 mention eight main characteristics of translation process, namely: 18 a. the existence of basic stages related to understanding and re-expression, b. the need to use and integrate internal cognitive and external resources, c. the role of memory and information storage, d. the dynamic and interactive nature of the process, which encompasses linguistic as well as non-linguistic elements, e. the non-linear nature of the process, f. the existence of automatic and non-automatic, g. the role of retrieval, problem-solving, decision-making and the use of translation-specific strategies in the unfolding and management of the process, h. the existence of specific characteristics, depending on the type of translation. To sum up, a translation process can be defined as a complex cognitive process which has an interactive and non-linear nature, encompasses controlled and uncontrolled processes, and requires processes of problem-solving, decision- making, and the use of strategies. In addition, Bell 2001: 187 remarks that there are three stages in the translation process, i.e. “analysis, synthesis, and revision”. Analysis is the stage when the translator prepares for the material involving reading or listening to the ST and learning the context. He adds that analysis “requires processing at the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels”. Synthesis is the stage when the translator produces the TT, i.e. written, typed, or spoken, which is based on the translator’s intention and interpretation of the text and the user’s needs. Revision is the final stage of translation process. It is only available in the written 19 translation. This stage is when the translator makes editing or corrections on the TT to make the final TT fully acceptable to the target readers.

3. Think-Aloud Protocol