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known, it can be used for evaluation and therefore planning for future studies. Riffe, Lacy and Fico 2005: 170 point out that the essence of content analysis is
to examine both the manifest and the latent content. This can be done through employing both the quantitative and qualitative technique. Moreover, Rose,
Spinks, and Canhoto 2015 also state that the content analysis also focuses on finding both manifest and latent content of the data. Manifest content refers to the
categories in a text which can be seen clearly. Hence, the researcher can easily count the occurence of those categories. Therefore, as it deals with numerical-
based summary, quantitative content analysis is applied. While the latent content is discovering the meaning behind the manifest content. Therefore, it deals with
descriptive analysis and interpretation in which qualitative content analysis deals with.
Wimmer and Dominick 2011: 157 state that the goal of quantitative content analysis is an accurate representation of a large number of meaningful
data. While, Mayring 2000: 3 mentions that “qualitative content analysis wants
to preserve the advantages of quantitative content analysis for a more qualitative text interpretation”. Qualitative content analysis as highlighted by Krippendorff
2004: 88 emphasizes its focus on text interpretation. It was employed within this research as the researcher wanted to provide richer findings. The results of the
analysis using quantitative technique provided the trends of the investigated learning-teaching method in English educational research reports in the form of
percentage. This is considered as the manifest content. Then, using the manifest content, the researcher can analyze deeper so that meaningful interpretation latent
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content can be drawn. This step involves the qualitative technique. Hence, it explains the roles of qualitative content analysis within this research.
In sum, it can be stated that these two techniques both quantitative and qualitative are appropriate to be employed together in this content analysis
research. They enable the researcher to examine the large number of data systematically and then describe the results of the analysis including the
interpretation to grasp the meaning. Through the use of statistical calculation, the results of data analysis are deemed to be more accurate and easier to understand.
On the other hand, interpretation can provide underlying meaning of the analysis results. Thus, the learning-teaching method in English education can be best
presented through this research method.
B. NATURE AND DATA SOURCES OF DATA
Data are considered as one of essential components in a research. Fraenkel and Wallen 2009: 141 define data is a kinds of information in which researchers
obtain on the subjects of their research. In this study, the data is quantitative and qualitative. The numerical data in ordinal scale were gathered for quantification.
While, the qualitative data were gathered to find underlying meaning of the analysis results. The nature of the data are direct observation. The researcher
directly get the data from open sources using some keywords. The keywords, for instance, are
teaching writing using, students’ perception on, using weblog to teach, and etc.
The data sources of this study were from theses, dissertations, journal articles and proceedings through open sources, such as TEFLIN Journal, ASIAN
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Online Journals AOJ, ELT Journals Online, and European Journal of Education, and others online Journal sources. Total of 110 education research reports
published were examined. They were English educational research from expanding Indonesia, Asia and other counties, inner circle countries and outer
circle countries which are published within the last ten years, 2007-2016. Due to the time constraint and large number of research which have been
conducted in English education, the stratified random sampling was employed. According to Krippendorff 2004, p. 115 stratified sampling enables the
researchers to stratify the population into several subpopulations. Then, it is followed by carrying out random sampling for each subpopulation. Meanwhile,
Creswell 2012, p. 144 highlights that “in stratified random sampling, researchers divide stratify the population on some specific characteristic e.g. gender and
then, using simple random sampling, sample from each subgroup stratum of the population e.g. females and males”. Through these definitions, it is clear that the
data source research reports can be collected based on the limitations. The limitations of this research are the origin, year of publication, and topic of the
research reports. For the origin, she limited only on those from Indonesia as the main focus and some others from Asia, ICC and OCC. In terms of year of
publication, she focused on those which were published within the last ten years. Meanwhile for the topic, she emphasized on those which deal with learning-
teaching method in English education which may be stratified by approach, design, and procedure as obtain from observation. Therefore, the aim of the
stratified random sample is to reduce the potential for human bias in the selection of cases to be included in the sample. As a result, the stratified random sample
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provides us with a sample that is highly representative of the population being studied, assuming that there is limited missing data.
C. INSTRUMENTS
Once the researcher formulated a research question, the researcher need to make decisions about what kind of data can collect which will best address the
research topic. Observation is the important way in discovering and collecting the data of this study. The researcher used two main research instruments, namely the
internet search and research reports classification tables. Internet search is the first instrument used to collect the research reports. Therefore, one of computer
program, Google Chrome, is used as research tool since the data are through Internet access.
Figure 3.1. Open source
After getting all the data and sorting them, to make all things clear, the tables were designed to categorize the data and present the data. Generally, all the
tables were made in Microsoft Excel which enables the research to directly count and get the percentage of each item. Also, those instruments were used to make
the results of the study objective and valid. Research reports classification form PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
