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SUB-ITEMS F
Test and Assessments 1
0.91 Questionnaire and Self-Assessment
1 0.91
Questionnaire and Essay 1
0.91 Questionnaire and Document
1 0.91
Questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion 1
0.91 Questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion FGD, and Document
1 0.91
Questionnaire, Interview, and Document 1
0.91 Questionnaire, Interview, and Project
1 0.91
Questionnaire, Interview and Portfolio 1
0.91 Questionnaire, Interview, Document and Test
1 0.91
Test and Document 1
0.91 Tests, Questionnaire and Assessment
1 0.91
Interview and Self-Assessment 1
0.91 Focus Group Interview and Project
1 0.91
Total 110
100
The Table 4.11 presents the use of data gathering instrument within 110 research reports. From the table above, there are several types of instruments
found from the studied research reports. However, it found out that Tests and Questionnaire 22.73 = 25 research reports are widely used unlike other tools.
As much as 20 or 22 researches are found to use tests. Also, 9.09 or 9 researches are found to use questionnaire. Tests and questionnaire are known to be
used in quantitative research. In line with the previous section which found out that the majority of research method and design investigated is quantitative
research.
7. Participants
In this study, participant groups are another element to be analyzed from the data research reports. One of steps in conducting a research is selecting
participants and sites. In this step, the researcher is identifying the people and places the researcher plan to study. This involves whether the researcher select
either individuals or entire organizations e.g., schools or some combination. Who can supply information that the researcher will use to answer the research
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questions or hypotheses? Some possibilities might be students, teachers, parents, adults, some combination of these individuals, or entire school. Therefore, in this
step, the researcher have to decide the participants at what level as the unit of analysis to specify the population and sample. Understanding the groups
participating in research is crucial for future researchers as this could be their reference in determining further groups or samplings when undertaking a
research. There are 7 categorizations of studied sample participants found in the research reports which can be seen in detail in the following Table 4.12.
Table 4.12. Participants SUB-ITEMS
F
University Students – English Department
37 33.64
University Students
– Non-English Department: sub-total
21 19.11
University students – Polytechnics
1 0.91
University Students – Literature
1 0.91
University Students
– Nursing
1 0.91
University Students – Architecture Program of Science and Technology
1 0.91
University Students – Urban and Regional Planning
1 0.91
University Students – Management
1 0.91
University Students – Accounting
1 0.91
University Students – International Relation
1 0.91
University Students – Accountancy, Business Management, Costume
Administration. Multimedia Arts. Psychology and International Relation
1 0.91
University Students – Technology
1 0.91
University Students – Civic Education
1 0.91
University Students – Business Administration
1 0.91
University Students – Engineering
1 0.91
University Students – Math. Biology and Chemistry
1 0.91
University Students – Language Centre students
2 1.82
University Students – Pre-TESL Programme
1 0.91
University Students – Arts and Sciences
1 0.91
University Students – Expatriate Japanese
1 0.91
University Students – Education and Social Sciences
1 0.91
University Students – Intensive Course for Overseas Students
ELICOS 1
0.91 Senior High School Students
19 17.27
Junior High School Students 15
13.64 Elementary Students
10 9.09
Vocational School Students 1
0.91 Others: sub-total
7 6.37
English Teachers and Elementary students 2
1.82 English Teachers
2 1.82
