Research Design and Method

93 questions or hypotheses? Some possibilities might be students, teachers, parents, adults, some combination of these individuals, or entire school. Therefore, in this step, the researcher have to decide the participants at what level as the unit of analysis to specify the population and sample. Understanding the groups participating in research is crucial for future researchers as this could be their reference in determining further groups or samplings when undertaking a research. There are 7 categorizations of studied sample participants found in the research reports which can be seen in detail in the following Table 4.12. Table 4.12. Participants SUB-ITEMS F University Students – English Department 37 33.64 University Students – Non-English Department: sub-total 21 19.11 University students – Polytechnics 1 0.91 University Students – Literature 1 0.91 University Students – Nursing 1 0.91 University Students – Architecture Program of Science and Technology 1 0.91 University Students – Urban and Regional Planning 1 0.91 University Students – Management 1 0.91 University Students – Accounting 1 0.91 University Students – International Relation 1 0.91 University Students – Accountancy, Business Management, Costume Administration. Multimedia Arts. Psychology and International Relation 1 0.91 University Students – Technology 1 0.91 University Students – Civic Education 1 0.91 University Students – Business Administration 1 0.91 University Students – Engineering 1 0.91 University Students – Math. Biology and Chemistry 1 0.91 University Students – Language Centre students 2 1.82 University Students – Pre-TESL Programme 1 0.91 University Students – Arts and Sciences 1 0.91 University Students – Expatriate Japanese 1 0.91 University Students – Education and Social Sciences 1 0.91 University Students – Intensive Course for Overseas Students ELICOS 1 0.91 Senior High School Students 19 17.27 Junior High School Students 15 13.64 Elementary Students 10 9.09 Vocational School Students 1 0.91 Others: sub-total 7 6.37 English Teachers and Elementary students 2 1.82 English Teachers 2 1.82 94 Researchers 1 0.91 School Students 1 0.91 Language School Students 1 0.91 Total 110 100 Table 4.12 exposes that university students of English department make up the biggest group that participated in the researches, with the percentage of 33.64. The second place was occupied by University Students from non-English department, which make up 19.11 of the most-studied participant groups. The, it was followed Senior High School Students, 17.27, Junior High School Students 13.64, and Elementary Students 9.09. The least frequent groups participating in learning-teaching method research reports were Vocational School Students, Language School Students, English Teachers and Elementary students, English Teachers, Researchers, and School Students 0.91.

8. Sample Sizes

When selecting the participants of the study, it is important to determine the size of the sample the researchers will need. A general rule is to select as large a sample as possible from the population. The larger the sample, the less potential error is that the sample will be different from the population. The classification of sample sizes was presented in Figure 4.3. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 95 Figure 4.3. Sample Sizes According to the findings from Figure 4.3, the main sampling range used in the English education research reports is 31-100 samples 37.27, which are followed by 11-30 samples 34.55, 101-300 samples 6.36, and 1-10 3.64 respectively. According to the results of the present study, the number of research reports conducted with the participation of 301-1000 samples is 0.91 lower than the others. There are 19 research reports which are not reported the sample sizes 17.27.

9. Sampling Technique

In determining the number of people in population as the subjects selected, a research needs to select characteristics of the population which are represented in the sampling technique. In qualitative approach, the aim of sampling is not to generalize to a population, but to develop an in depth exploration of a central phenomenon. While, in quantitative approach, the aim is to generalize from individuals selected to a population. Therefore, the trends of the classification of the sampling techniques can be seen from the following Table 4.13. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Between 1-10 Between 11-30 Between 31-100 Between 101-300 Between 301-1000 Not-reported Between 1-10 Between 11- 30 Between 31- 100 Between 101- 300 Between 301- 1000 Not-reported 3,64 34,55 37,27 6,36 0,91 17,27 F 4 38 41 7 1 19 F