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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter includes two parts, namely theoretical review and theoretical framework. The theoretical review presents some important concepts which are
related to the research. The theoretical framework consists of summary from the theories that will be used to solve the research problems.
A. THEORETICAL REVIEW
The theoretical description presents some important concepts which are related to the research. The concepts are: 1 Educational Research Report, 2
Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, 3 Classification Area of English, and 4 Content Analysis. The description of each concept will be
discussed as follow. 1.
Educational Research Reports Research is a process in which the researchers engage in a small set of
logical steps Creswell, 2012: 2. Educational research report is a brief information and description of the research work done by the researcher. It can be
in a form of theses, dissertations, journal article and proceedings. It is one of the means by which we seek to discover the logical and empirical truth in the field of
education. Rajasekar, Philominathan and Chinnathambi 2013: 2 say “It is an
investigation of finding solutions to scientific and social problems through objective and systematic analysis. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery
of hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. The information might be collected from different sources like experience, human
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beings, books, journals, nature, etc. ” It can be interpreted that academic
educational research reflects the interests, issues, and concerns of the teachers, educators, and researchers. They are meant for knowledge development in which
individuals evaluate different aspects of education including, student learning, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics. Therefore, they are
expected to give some significant contributions to improve the quality of teaching and learning success in English education. Rajasekar, Philominathan and
Chinnathambi 2013: 2 say “A research can lead to new contributions to the
existing knowledge. Only through research is it possible to make progress in a field”. In the different term, Carrol and Morrell 2010: 2 say “educational
research is important in proposing theories, testing theories, increasing our understanding, and improving teaching and learning. Therefore, it can be said that
educational research is not just a way to come up with new ideas about teaching and learning, but most often it is a way to convince us that the ideas we already
have are worth exploring. Hence, conducting research is not something easy to do as it is composed of several steps. Creswell 2012: 7 proposes six steps of how to
conduct research namely: 1 Identifying a research problem, 2 Reviewing the literature, 3 Specifying a purpose for research, 4 Collecting data, 5 Analyzing
and interpreting the data, and 6 Reporting and evaluating research. These steps are considered as the foundation for conducting educational research.
A key feature of reports is that they are formally structured in sections. The use of sections makes it easy for the reader to jump straight to the information
they need. Therefore, as proposed by Yates 2004: 16-17, the criteria of good research report can be roughly measured based on three aspects. First, they can be
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