Yalden’s Model Yalden, 1987

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b. Yalden’s Model Yalden, 1987

Yalden considers seven stages in designing materials. The stages will be described in the following figure. Figure 2.2. Yalden’s Instructional Model Yalden, 1987: 88 There are seven steps in planning a syllabus based on Janice Yalden 1987. The seven stages will be elaborated in this following explanation. The short explanation will be given for each stage. Stage 1 . Needs Survey When a needs survey is being undertaken there is potentially a great deal of information to be gathered Yalden 1987: 101. This means that a needs survey is important to be conducted to understand who are the learners. Needs survey is done to identify as much as possible of the learners’ needs in the designing of the program in order to establish acceptable objectives. Stage 2 . Description of Purpose The second stage is conducted after the designer did the needs survey because the information from needs survey becomes the basis in developing the purpose of the program. It is the stage where the designer clarifies the purpose of the language program. This will establish the foundation for the major decision facing the language course designer in the next stage. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 14 Stage 3 . Selection of Development of Syllabus Type There is no single model of syllabus design that is universally agreed upon. The designer can combine more than one syllabus in order to make the course design more reliable. A modification of existing structural syllabuses to a completely learner-centered approach is one of the solutions. Stage 4 . Production of Proto Syllabus This stage gives information of the description of the content that the syllabus will have Yalden, 1987: 138. However, in order to gain the description of the syllabus content, the researcher should work to select the most effective syllabus. The designer should describe and determine the content of the syllabus. Stage 5 . Production of Pedagogical Syllabus This stage describes the pedagogical syllabus, which is providing a chosen repertoire of words and phrases based on the function and the topics. The designer develops the teaching learning approaches. The designer also implies the syllabus into the teaching and learning activities. Stage 6 . Development and Implementation of Classroom Procedure The sixth stage is development and implementation of classroom procedure. In this stage, the designer is supposed to develop the classroom procedure such as selection of exercise types and teaching techniques, preparation of the lesson plans, and preparation of the weekly schedules. Yalden also states about the teacher training in this stage, such as creation of teaching materials. Stage 7 . Evaluation The last stage is evaluation. The evaluation has two broad aspects; those are the students in the program and the teaching as well as the over-all design. Then, 15 this is labeled as the recycling stage because the whole cycle can be begun again at this point. From the two instructional models above, the writer would not use all of those steps, however some steps will be used and the others will not be used. The writer will combine from the two instructional models. From Yalden’s model, the writer takes first step, namely need survey. In Cooperative Learning, needs survey is very important because it will be used to decide which materials will be developed. Furthermore, needs survey will be used to know what the students’ needs for their learning. Kemp’s second step is not be used because it can be included in needs survey. The writer combined this step with Kemp’s first step, because Goals, Topics, and General Purposes determine the track of Cooperative Learning goals. Kemp’s third step is used for determine learning objectives of the designed materials based on Cooperative Learning. Subject Content is used for the next step because this step determines the applying Cooperative Learning principles in instructional designed materials. The next step is taken from Kemp’s sixth step. The main activities in this materials design are applying Cooperative Learning methods; they are Student Teams Achievement Division STAD, jigsaw, and some other Cooperative Learning methods. The final step is evaluation. Both Kemp and Yalden use evaluation as the final step for their model. The writer takes this step because it is used for measuring the outcome of the materials designed. It is very important to obtain evaluation values in order to revise the designed materials. 16

2. The Theory of Cooperative Learning