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a. Source of Efficacy
Bandura 1997 defines the four sources of self-efficacy. They are namely mastery experience, physiological and emotional arousal, vicarious experience,
and social persuasion. Mastery experiences are the experiences we have in the domain. This source is the strongest source of self-efficacy information. Vicarious
experience is the experiences of other people whom we have observed. Social persuasion is the environment feedback to our performance. However, social
persuasion cannot influence self-efficacy greatly; it needs other sources to work.
b. Motivational Processes
Human mostly generates motivation cognitively. After performing an action, pupil would forethought the action. The forethought would form a belief on his
capability. The belief can be negative or positive. Afterward, he would set goals and thus plan to avoid or improve the former action. Hence, self-efficacy “plays a
central role in cognitive regulation of motivation” Bandura, 1997.
i. Attribution Theory
Referring to Weiner’s attribution theory of motivation, Bandura 1997 explains that one’s past performance influences one’s motivation. The influence
Anticipatory cognitive
motivators Performance
Cognized Goals Outcomes
Expectancies Perceived Causes
of Success and Failure
Forethought
Retrospective Reasoning Figure1 Schematic representation of conceptions of cognitive motivation
Bandura, 1997
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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occurs as a result of one’s evaluation or judgment over the past performance retrospective judgments. The success or failure of one’s past performance is
attributed differently. When a success is attributed to personal capabilities and failures to insufficient effort, the person will carry out difficult task and carry on
in the face of failure. Meanwhile, if a person attributes success to situational factors and failures to lack of ability, he will give up when facing difficult tasks.
Bandura 1997 then explains that a person who regards himself highly efficacious will view achievement as a matter of how much effort is done. Meanwhile, low
efficacious person will view attainment as a matter that is influenced by incapability and an uncontrollable factor.
c. Structure of Self-Efficacy Scales
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