Learning Strategy English Learning Factors

Seventh category is research design and method which can be broadly categorized into quantitative, qualitative and mixed the combination of both quantitative and qualitative. Fraenkel and Wallen 2009 mention that experimental, correlation and survey belong to quantitative. While content analysis, ethnography, and historical research belong to qualitative. They also mention mixed method and action research. Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen and Razavieh 2010 make a clear distinction between the two. The quantitative method is composed of experimental and non-experimental. While the qualitative method consists of case study, content analysis, ethnography, grounded theory, historical, narrative, and phenomenological. The classification of research design and method are formulated based on the classification of those experts and what have been found in the studied research reports. Eighth category is data gathering instrument. It consists of several tools which are commonly used to obtain data for both quantitative and qualitative research. Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen and Razavieh 2010 have defined various data gathering instruments such as field note, observation, interview, written response questionnaire, performance measures on and student ’s information which can be in the form of portfolio or work samples, and test. They also point out two instruments used in educational research which aims at measuring the value, namely achievement test and aptitude test. However, if the researcher finds other instruments within the studied research reports, they will be put in the classification as well . Ninth category is data analysis technique. It will be based on the analysis techniques found from the studied research reports. Different from data analysis technique in Sozbilir ’s 2016, in Gul and Sozbilir, 2016 paper classification form which classifies quantitative analysis merely into descriptive and inferential, the researcher in this research will put every technique as a classification. It aims to depict more precise information on the use of statistical techniques. Tenth category is sampling technique which is determined based on two types of sampling namely probability and nonprobability. Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen and Razavieh 2010 differentiate between the two types of sampling. They mention that random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling belong to probability sampling. While nonprobability sampling involves convenience sampling, purposive sampling and quota sampling. These are the classification of sampling techniques. Eleventh category is validation. Validity and reliability are commonly used for quantitative research as it always depends on measurement. According to Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen and Razavieh 2010 both validity and reliability are essential in developing and evaluating instruments. Meanwhile in qualitative research, the researchers can use credibility, transferability, trustworthiness and confirmability. The last category is result. In determining the classification of research results, the researcher will do the same procedure as in defining the classification of research goals. She will make a list of results from each research report and