Location of Research Data

3.2 Location of Research

As CA needs naturally occurring data, the writer takes the location of research in the origanal areas where TB people live. TB territory is a part of North Sumatera province which has now extended to four areas. The Regency of North Tapanuli, which is centered at Tarutung city, Regency of Toba Samosir centered at Balige, Regency of Humbang centered at Dolok Sanggul city, and Regency of Samosir centered at Pangururan city. The researcher collected data from the four cities; from the markets, family houses, and coffee-counters. The writer himself is the only instrument who will visit the research locations in collecting the data. The locations of research; North Sumatera province and the four regencies are mapped below. Universitas Sumatera Utara Map 1. The North Sumatra Province Universitas Sumatera Utara Map 2. The Regency of North Tapanuli Note: = Location of research Universitas Sumatera Utara Map 3. The Regency of Humbang Hasundutan Note: = Location of research Universitas Sumatera Utara Map 4. The Regency of Toba Samosir Note: = Location of research Universitas Sumatera Utara Map 5. The Regency of Samosir Note: = Location of research Universitas Sumatera Utara

3.3 Data

The data used in this research is ordinary talk. Ordinary talk is one that occurs in coffee counter, family houses, markets, etc. Institutional talk; one that is documented, is included to support the ordinary data in terms of ritual constraint. Forty data which were tape-recorded deal with APs, and ten data which were video-recorded deal with turn-taking. The data of research are in the form of conversation recorded in audio and video. The recordings were done in September 2009. Hutchby and Woofitt 1999 states that data in CA are the recorded interaction and transcribed one. But, what to be analyzed is the recorded interaction, and using the transcription as a convenient tool of reference. The transcription is seen as the representation of data while the tape is viewed as a reproduction. Wherever possible, the transcriptions used in conjunction with the tape during analysis. In this case repeated listening to the original recording is central to the CA technique. The first step in doing transcription is to understand the transcription convention. The system was developed by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson in Hutch and Woofitt, 1999 is in general used by conversation analyst. Transcription procedures then are designed to make more and more accurate of naturally occuring talk. As the data are naturally-occuring ones there are some difficulties found when the researcher collected them, especially the data for analysis of turn-taking in the location of research. The difficulties are: 1. To get in touch with the local people Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. To get the real natural data 3. To transcribe the data 4. To find the negative cases To handle out these difficulties, the researcher follows the following procedures: 1. He, in getting touch with the people, met with the village chief to be brought to the location of the research and inform the people about the purpose of visiting them. Here, the researcher had to do a participant observation before collecting the data. This was as an orientation which spent two days time for each of the location of the research. 2. To get the real natural data, the researcher employed a hidden video shooting so that the informants did not know that they were shooted. If this is not enough, the researcher asked an assistant to make an ellicitation to get the data. 3. In transcribing the data, the researcher used Jefferson’s system of transcription. In this case, the researcher made a primer analysis by doing a turn-by-turn sequence analysis. 4. To find the negative cases, the researcher repeatedly analyze the corpus. Below are the pricipal conventions of Jefferson in Hutchby 1999 used to transcribe features of interaction. Overlapping Talk a. Overlapping onset is marked by left hand square bracket, ‘[‘ Universitas Sumatera Utara Example : 1. B : Uh huh and I’m sorry I didn’t get 2. Margaret I really’ve been waning to 3. D : [ will think she must’ve 4. Started out’v town 5. 0. 2 6. B : I think so 7. D : [ in Fresno sh-see’n Pe :: g 0. 7 8. drove over to ‘er sister’s oo lives in Fresno :: b. Overlapping simultaneous talks are marked by double left-hand brackets, ‘[[‘ 1. I : Well, h Ia always feel it’s best to get it 2. All over at the same time you know 3. N : [ well yes::s] 4. N : Yes::s 5. I : It’s uh : 6. N : [[ And who did you so. Utterance latched a. Utterance latched together, they may occur right next to each other with absolutely no gap, and no overlapping. It is symbolized as ‘ = ‘ 1. E : Is this swimming pool enclosed with the Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. gla: s bit? = 3. N : No::it’s uh : outs. . eh no outside b. Equal signs are also used to indicate the longer utterance, if during it’s uttered, another speaker says something. 1. N : But eh – it’s terrible to keep 2. People alive and you know and just let them = 3. I : [right 4. N : Suffer day in and day out Protracted spate of simultaneous talk This is marked by the combination of left and right bracket and equal signs. 1. E : Well, we don’t know what it’s all about 2. Ig – I Sniff Don’t get yourself = 3. N : = Oh, I’m not. I just you know I wish 4. C : [[ honey you’ve got to get a hold of your – I know] = 5. N : I’d – I’d kind of liked to go out there but 6. I was afraid of fog Pause Intervals pause are sized in tenths of second. But pause can be short : two or three tenths of a second. 1. A : I – if you want to uh k 1.1 Maybe get up a game. Universitas Sumatera Utara Or they may occur between turns : 1. A : I – if you want to uh 1.1 Maybe get up a game. 2. Some morning while you are out there, = why that’s 3. always fun 4. B : Mm hm 5. 0.5 6. A : So let me know. Pause less than 0.2 is indicated by period within parentheses . 7. : So let me know 8. : . 9. B : Yah will do : Breathiness Breathiness is marked by ‘h.’ for exhalation and ‘.h’ for inhalation. The followings are example of breathiness exhalation and inhalation. 1. P : Oh I mean uh : you wanna go to the store 2. er anything over the marked basket er anything? 3. E : [hhhhhhhh]h. 1. N : .hhh 2. 05 3. N : Anyway Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. . 5. H : eh – eh, Hhhh. Uh : m Laughter Laughter is spelled by ha ha, heh heh, hih hih, and so on. One of the difficulties with transcribing laughter is that participant laugh together. As seen in the example. 1. B : he : uh he uh ha 2. C : [he ha : ] ah ha ha ha ha The laugh of turn such that occurs in pause or silence will be counted by using a stopwatch, and it is measured in tenth a second. In Toba Batak conversation a few characteristics of the convention symbols can be drawn in the following data. 1. A : Baen dua jolo plastikna 2. B : 5,4 3. C : Nyon? 4. B : Pas, potong di on? 5. Nyon na, dia…salam? 6. sappulu onom. 7. C : Nyon? 8. B : Ikkan Bolut sapulu lima 9. Lis…buat jolo Lis… 10. C : Nyon? 11. B : Sappulu opat, toe Universitas Sumatera Utara 12. baetton ma, baetton ma 13. C : 1.3 14. B : Unang pola tawar, unang pola…. 15. C : Nyon? Sappulu dua ribu, baen asa-asa… 16. B : [ sakilo hubaen ni, 17. bereng ma ni. Asa habis nama. 18. C : 1,2 19. B : Dua pulu opat ito, dua kilo? 20. oke pas 21. C : Boasa ndang ditambahi ho? 22. B : Ndang I…unang majo…annon hubaen. 23. dia hubaen, dia hubaen ito, dia… 24. sappulu opat 25. nunga lobi on 26. laen ikan ni lae on 27. dua kilo. Na ro do nian manggambar 28. C : [ Nunga buat ma 29. B : Tu pesta, marhua boan on mu? 30. C : Boan on hu? English equivalent 31. A : Put this fish in two plastic packs. Universitas Sumatera Utara 32. B : 5.4 33. C : What about this? 34. B : it’s exact. Do you want it cut? 35. Here you are. Which one, Samon? 36. Sixteen 37. C : This one? 38. B : Eel is Fivteen 39. Like….take it Lis… 40. C : This one? 41. B : Fourteen, Okey 42. That’s okey 43. C : 1.3 44. B : No bargain, no…. 45. C : This one? 12 thousand, I want a fresh-water fish 46. B : [ give you a kilo, 47. You can see. It has to be all bought. 48. C : 1.2 49. B : Twenty four sister, you want 2 kilos? 50. It’s exact 51. C : Could you give more? 52. B : No way Now not, next time please. 53. I’ll pack it, fourteen Universitas Sumatera Utara 54. The height is over. 55. Give This guy’s Fish 56. 2 kilos. The photographer is coming to get the data. 57. C : [ Take it 58. B : To the party, What for? 59. C : Me that bring you? From the data, it is seen that B is silent for 5.4 seconds, in case that he is selected as the next speaker. Of B’s silence, speaker C does a self-selection in his turn. This is an interesting phenomenon since the speaker which is being selected does not take his turn. It can also be found that there are two overlapping talks, one occurs within a turn as in 15 and 16, another occurs in syllable as in 27 and 28. B makes an overlapping talk in 16 to show enforcement as to respond C’s need for buying the fish reduced to less than a kilo. In 28, C’s utterance overlaps within the syllable as to show agreement.

3.4 Data Analysis